Arazi Kullanım Kararlarının Dere Sistemleri Üzerinde Fiziki Etkisinin Analizi ve Kentsel Yaşama Yansıması: İstanbul’da Su Baskını, Sel ve Taşkın Risk Değerlendirmesi

Dünya sel ve kuraklıkla ilgili küresel alarmdadır. Dünya Araştırma Enstitüsü, 2030 yılında dünya nüfusunun yarısının su sıkıntısı yaşayacağını; sellerin etkisinin 3 kat artacağını, 54 milyon insanın etkileneceğini vurgulamaktadır. Fiziki çevreyi kontrolde tutan en önemli faktör dere sistemleri ve havzalarıdır. Bu sürece dere havza sistemleri hazır mı? Dere (drenaj) havzasının dere sistemi, kollarıyla yüzey üstü/altı kaynaklarını, yağış sularını toplar ve kara sistemine suyu dağıtarak boşaltırlar. Doğal havzasında dengede olan hidrolik sistemler, hatalı arazi kararlarıyla doğal morfolojisini, havza akış yönlerini kaybetmesi, artan yapısal yüzeyler vb. etkenlerle drenaj yoğunluğunu değiştirmesi, taşkınları sıklaştırmaktadır; değişen iklim faktörü ile de şiddetini artırmaktadır. Son yıllarda sıklaşan taşkınlar, nehir/dere ekosistemlerinin fiziki yapısını ve üzerinde bulunduğu arazi kullanım kararları ile ilişkisinin araştırılmasını, bulguların çevresel risk açısından değerlendirilmesini şehir, ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeklerde gündeme taşımaktadır. Ülkede bütüncül su hukukunun bulunmaması, idari problemler, su ekosistemini içme suyu havza alanı olan ve olmayan şeklinde parçalayan yaklaşımlar, koruma aleyhinde yasalar, vb. ile dere sistemleri (su kaynakları) korunmamakta, sürdürülebilirliği devam ettirilmemektir. Bu araştırmada, İstanbul’da içme suyu havza alanı dışında bırakılan yaklaşık 2740 km² yüzölçümlü alanda, açık havza konumunda olan (Karadeniz, Marmara Denizi, Boğaziçi, Haliç ve Göllerine dökülen) 168 akar dere havzasına ve havzada bulunan yaklaşık 3344 km uzunluğunda dere sistemlerine odaklanılmıştır. Bulgular, boy kesitine göre değerlendirildiğinde, derelerin ~%73’ü doğal yapısını koruduğu, ~%27’’si doğasına aykırı fiziki değişime uğrayarak yeni formlara dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Dere sistemlerinin ~%79’u kırsal alandan geçtiği ve doğal yapısını koruduğu; ~%21’i ise kentsel alanda bulunduğu, çeşitli müdahaleler ile fiziksel yapısının değiştiği fakat kaybolmadığı, üzerindeki arazi kararlarından etkilendiği ve dere koruma bantlarının işgal edildiği anlaşılmıştır. Dere sistemleri havza ölçeğinde değerlendirildiğinde, araştırma sahasının ~%64’ü (108 dere havzası) fiziksel değişimden az/çok etkilenerek havzasında sel, taşkın, kuraklık ve diğer çevresel riskleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, problemlerin kentin geneline (%51’ine) yayıldığını göstermektedir. Bulgular, derelerin birbirlerinden bağımsız birimler olmadığını ve önerilecek yasal düzenlemelerin dereleri havza sistemleri ölçeğinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini; araştırılan derelerin açık havza sistemi olması nedeniyle uluslararası öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Doğal dere sistemlerini korumak, sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak, riskleri yönetmek, faydaya çevirmek için, yasal, kurumsal, teknik problemleri ortadan kaldıracak devlet kontrolünde ivedilikle bütüncül su hukuku, havza ölçeğinde bütünleşik havza planlaması ve havza yönetimi, sürdürülebilir dere restorasyon programına ihtiyaç vardır.

The Analyses of the Physical Effect of Land Use Decisions on Stream Systems and its Reflection on Urban Life: The Risk Evaluation of Flood and Overflow in İstanbul

The World Resources Institute reported that nearly half of the world population will experience water shortage in 2030; the effects of floods will be tripled globally. Drought and floods threaten several cities all around the country, including Istanbul. The most important factors that control the physical environment are stream systems and their basins. Are the stream basin systems ready for this process? Hydraulic system balanced in its natural basin has lost its natural morphology and direction of overland flowing because of land decisions given wrongly by the authorities. This situation shows that it is essential to analyze the physical structure of stream/river ecosystems and land use decisions on the urban, national, and international scales. The lack of integrated water law, management problems, and the laws against the protection of stream systems have caused the problem. The present study focuses on the 3344 km long stream systems that are in the basins of 168 running streams and in nearly 2740 km2 outside drinking water basin in Istanbul. The findings show that 73% of the stream systems have protected their natural structure, 27% have transformed its natural structure, and 79% have protected their natural structure in rural areas according to longitude. Of the stream systems, 21% have transformed its natural structure in urban areas because of various interventions, but they have not disappeared, they have been affected by land use decisions, and stream protective zones have been deforced. Based on the stream basin scale, 64% of the region have been affected because of the transformation, and some environmental risk, such as floods and drought, have been spread to the whole city. The findings show that streams are not independent from each other; laws must evaluate streams on the basin system scale, and streams are important internationally as they are open basin systems. Integrated basin planning and management, sustainable stream restoration program, and holistic water law controlled by the government are essential to find solutions to legal, technical, and corporate problems; protect natural stream systems; maintain their sustainability; and overcome the risks.

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