Turistik Mekânda Gerçekliğin Algısal Değişimi: Modern ve Post-Modern Turizm Deneyimlerinde Özgünlük

Bir topluma ait kültürel kimliğin ve mekâna ait kültürel birikimin devamlılığı, onları zamanın ve çeşitli dışsal faktörlerin yıkıcı etkisinden korumakla ve özgün karakterleri ile gelecek kuşaklara ulaşmasını sağlamakla mümkün olmaktadır. 1980’lerden itibaren çeşitli politikalar ile tarih ve kültürün küresel piyasaya yeniden sunumu, 1960’larda başlayan özgünlük tartışmalarını turizm bağlamında daha da kuvvetlendirmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması, özellikle 1930lu yıllardan itibaren şekillenen özgünlük kavramının değişen ve evrilen rollerini ortaya çıkararak, modern ve post-modern dönemde turizm deneyimlerinde özgünlük konusunda yapılan başlıca çalışmaları irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, makalenin birinci bölümünde, çeşitli uluslararası koruma metinlerinde özgünlük kavramının gelişimi; makalenin ikinci bölümünde, modern dönem turizm yazınında yapılan özgünlük çalışmalarının teorik başlangıcı sayılan Boorstin (1961) ve MacCannell’ın (1976) ve ardından Cohen’in (1979) çalışmaları; makalenin üçüncü bölümünde ise post-modern dönem turizm yazınında yapılan önemli çalışmalardan olan Urry (1990) ve Wang (1999)’in çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Değerlendirme bölümünde, yapılan araştırmaya dayalı olarak, elde edilen bilgiler özetlenmiş, temel saptamalar sonuç bölümünde tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma turizm sosyolojisine dayanan eleştirel bir yaklaşımı referans alarak, özgün değerlere sahip kentsel alanın, sahte gerçeklikler ile turist bakışına nesne üreten ve piyasa ekonomisi tarafından yapılandırılmış bir turistik boşluk haline dönüşümü konusunda farklı bakış açılarının geliştirilmesini hedeflemektedir.

The Perceptual Change of Reality in Tourist Places: Authenticity in Modern and Post-Modern Tourism Experiences

The sustainability of cultural identity of society and cultural accumulation of space is possible by protecting them from the destructive effects of time and various external factors and by ensuring that they reach to the future with their authentic characters. Since the 1980s, the representation of past and culture to the global market with various policies has further strengthened the debate on authenticity that started in the 1960s in the context of tourism. The aim of the present study was to scrutinize the main works on authenticity in tourism experiences in the modern and post-modern periods by revealing the changing and evolving roles of the concepts of authenticity that has been shaped since the 1930s. In this context, the first part of the present study shows the development of the authenticity concept in international doctrinal documents on conservation. The second part discusses the works by Boorstin (1961), MacCannell (1976), and Cohen (1979), who are considered the theoretical beginning of the authenticity studies in the modern tourism literature. The third part examines the studies by Urry (1990, 1995) and Wang (1999), which are important studies in the post-modern tourism literature. The obtained information based on the research is summarized in the review section. The main implications are discussed in the conclusion part. The present study, which takes a critical approach based on tourism sociology, aims to develop different perspectives on the transformation of authentic urban place into a touristic space structured by the market economy that produces objects for the tourist gaze with constructed false realities

PDF

___

Akkar Ercan, M. (2016). Endüstri-Sonrası Kentlerin Değişen ve Dönüşen Kamusal Mekanları. Planlama, 26(3), 193-203.
Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Boorstin, D. J. (1961). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Atheneum.
Cameron, C. (2008). From Warsaw to Mostar: The World Heritage Committee and Authenticity. APT Bulletin, 39(2/3), 19-24.
CIAM. (1931). The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments (Carta del Restauro). Athens: CIAM.
Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a Sociology of International Tourism. Social Research, 39, 31-46.
Cohen, E. (1979). A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201.
Cooper, C. (2005). Tourism: Principles and Practice. London: Prentice Hall.
Fainstein, S. S., & Judd, D. R. (1999). Cities as Places to Play. Dennis R. Judd & Susan S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City içinde (s. 261-273). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Farias, I. (2008). Touring Berlin: Virtual Destination, Tourist Communication and Multiple City. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Humboldt University, Berlin.
Feifer, M. (1985). Going Places: The Ways of the Tourist from Imperial Rome to the Present Day. London: Macmillan.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
Gottlieb, A. (1982). Americans’ Vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 165-87.
Gray, H. P. (1970). International Travel, International Trade. Lexington: Heath Lexington Books.
Handler, R., & Saxton, W. (1988). Dissimulation: Reflexivity, Narrative, and the Quest for Authenticity in Living History. Cultural Anthropology, 3, 242-260.
Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry. London: Methuen.
Huetz De Lemps, C. (1964). Le Tourisme Dans l’Archipel Des Hawaii. Cahiers d’Outre Mer, 17(65), 9-57.
ICOMOS. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites: The Venice Charter. Paris: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. (1987). Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas: The Washington Charter. Paris: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. (1994). The Nara Document on Authenticity. Paris: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. (1996). The Declaration of San Antonio. Paris: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS. (2014). Nara +20: On Heritage Practices, Cultural Value, and the Concept of Authenticity. Florence: ICOMOS.
Ivanovic, M. (2008). Cultural Tourism. Cape Town: Juta.
Judd, D. R. (1999). Constructing the Tourist Bubble. Dennis. R. Judd, & Susan S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City içinde, (s. 35-54). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589-603.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken.
Paul, B. D. (2012). The Impacts of Tourism on Society. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 500-506.
Richards, G. (2001). Cultural Attractions and European Tourism. New York: CABI Publishing.
UNESCO. (1977). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris: World Heritage Center.
UNESCO. (2005). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris: World Heritage Center.
UNESCO. (2012). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris: World Heritage Center.
Uriely, N. (1997). Theories of Modern and Postmodern Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 982-984.
Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Soci -eties. London: Sage Publication.
Urry, J. (1995). Consuming Places. London: Routledge.
Smith, V. L. (1977). Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of Tourism. Phila -delphia: University of Philadelphia Press.
Smith, D. V. (2002). Tourism and the Formation of the Writer: Three Case Studies. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Durham University, Durham, England.
Smith, M. K. (2003). Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. London: Routledge.
Walsh, K. (1992). The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the Post-modern World. London: Routledge.
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370.