A Review of the Environmental Sustainability History of the World and Turkey

This study focuses on the recent past of the concept of sustainability, and one of its most important components, environmental sustainability which included our lives in the second half of the 20th century. Sustainable development was recognized internationally for the first time in 1987 as a general expression of the search for a balance among economy, society, and nature in terms of the resources with the principle of intergenerational equality. After this date, both Turkey and many other nations of the world provided various agreements and commitments on environmental sustainability related to their concerns for the common future. In this context, the aim of the study is to review the progress and the results of these various approaches. Turkey’s history of environmental sustainability at both international and national levels has been examined in four periods. Periods are examined according to dominant sentiment, national period-specific characteristics, international treaties, legislative regulations, urban planning characteristics, and planning paradigm titles. It is found that both global and local goals have not been achieved yet, by this study which scrutinizes the recent history with almost 50 years to the present. The process that started with real problems and sensitivity in the practice continued with fashion and discursive expressions in times. It is understood that the sustainable urban environment, one of the main goals of urban planning has also turned into an ideal. Therefore, the steps that will be taken by Turkey within the environmental crisis period which have been experienced since 2010 are also supposed to determine the future of urban planning.

Çevresel Sürdürülebilirliğin Dünya ve Türkiye'deki Tarihine Dair Bir İnceleme

Bu çalışmada 20. yy’ın ikinci yarısı ile birlikte hayatımıza giren sürdürülebilirlik kavramı ve onun en önemli bileşenlerinden olan çevresel sürdürülebilirlik olgusunun yakın geçmişine odaklanılmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir gelişme, nesillerarası eşitlik prensibi ile kaynakların kullanımında ekonomi, toplum ve doğa üçgeninde bir denge arayışının genel ifadesi olarak ilk defa 1987 yılında uluslararası olarak kabul görmüştür. Bu tarihten sonra hem Türkiye hem de diğer dünya devletleri ortak gelecek kaygısı ile çevresel sürdürülebilirlik alanında çeşitli anlaşmalar ve taahhütler vermişlerdir. Çalışmanın amacı; bu süreçlerin nasıl ilerlediği ve sonuçta uygulamaların nasıl olduğunu incelemektir. Türkiye’nin gerek uluslararası gerek ulusal ölçekteki sürdürülebilirlik geçmişi dört döneme ayrılarak incelenmiştir. Dönemler; döneme hakim düşünce, ulusal döneme özgü özellikler, uluslararası anlaşmalar, mevzuat düzenlemeleri, şehir planlama özellikleri ve planlama paradigmaları başlıklarına göre incelenmiştir. Günümüze kadar olan yaklaşık 50 yıllık yakın tarihe mercek tutan bu çalışma ile hem küresel hem de yerel hedeflere ulaşılamadığı görülmektedir. Gerçek sorunlar ve duyarlılık ile başlayan sürecin moda ve söylemsel ifadelerle devam ettiği, uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlardan izlenebilmiştir. Kent planlamanın temel hedeflerinden olan sürdürülebilir kentsel çevrenin de bir ideale dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla 2010 yılından itibaren yaşanan çevresel kriz sürecinde Türkiye’nin atacağı adımların kent planlamanın da geleceğini belirlemesi beklenmektedir

PDF

___

A World Bank economist apologized. (2018, January 13). Retrieved from https://qz.com/1179239/world-bank-doing-business-ranking-chiefeconomist- paul-romer-apologizes-for-unfair-results/

Anderson, T.L., & Leal, D.R. (2001). Rethinking the way we think. in: free market environmentalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Büyükduman, A. (2014). Bir kent efsanesi konut balonu. İstanbul: Scala Press.

BP oil spill timeline. (2010, July 22). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian. com/environment/2010/jun/29/bp-oil-spill-timeline-deepwater-horizon

Checker, M. (2011). Wiped out by the “greenwave”: environmental gentrification and the paradoxical politics of urban sustainability. City and Society, (23),210–229.

Çoban, A. (2018). Doğanın metalaştırılması. Toplum ve Bilim, (123), 209-241 Does the World Bank have a problem. (2017, November 09). Retrieved from https://lens.monash.edu/@business-economy/2017/11/09/1257471/ does-the-world-bank-have-a-problem-with-its-poverty-figures

Delmas, A., & Burbano, V. (2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 64–87.

Demir, G. (2011). Post neoliberalizm? kriz ve sonrası üzerine. The Journal of Marmara Social Research, December(1), 1-20.

Demirer, G., & Duran, M. (2000). Marksist ekoloji anlayışı üzerine. M. Duran, G. Demirer and G. Özgür (Ed.), in Marksizm ve Ekoloji (pp.180- 183). İstanbul: Öteki Press.

Dresner, S. (2008). The principles of sustainability (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. EPI (Environmental Performance Index). (2018, May 01). Retrieved from https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-topline

Eşkinat, R. (2012). Türk inşaat sektöründe TOKİ’nin yeri ve etkisi. Dumlupınar University Journal Of Social Sciences, 2(32), 159-172.

Ferrao, P., & Fernandez, J. (2013). Green urban policies and development in sustainable urban metabolism. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Gaffney, H. (2013). Between discourse and reality: the un-sustainability of mega event planning. Sustainability, (5), 3926- 3940

Hangi ilde ne kadar 2B. (2012, May 7). Retrieved from https://www.sabah. com.tr/ekonomi/2012/05/07/hangi-ilde-ne-kadar-2b-var

Hamilton, K., & Clemens, M. (1999). Genuine savings rates in developing countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 13 (2), 336-356.

Hammond, A., Adriaanse, A., Rodenburg, E., Bryant, D., & Woodward, R. (1995). Environmental indicators: a systematic approach to measuring and reporting on environmental policy performance in the context of sustainable development. World Resources Institute Press. Retrieved from http://pdf.wri.org/environmentalindicators_bw.pdf

Hilty, L.M., & Aebischer, B. (2015). ICT for sustainability: an emerging research field. L.M. Hilty, B. Aebischer (Ed.), in ICT innovations for sustainability advances in intelligent systems and computing, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing.

Hovi, J., Sprinz, D., & Bang G. (2010). Why The United States did not become a party to The Kyoto Protocol: German, Norwegian, and US perspectives. European Journal of International Relations, 18(1), 129–150

James, P. (2015). Urban sustainability in theory and practice: circles of sustainability. London: Routledge Press.

Jardins, R. J. (2006). Çevre Etiği. (Translation R. Keleş). Ankara: İmge Press. Kanada Kyoto Protokolü'nden çıktı. (2011, December 13). Retrieved from http://tr.euronews.com/2011/12/13/kanada-kyoto-protokolu-nden-cikti

Keleş, R., & Hamamcı, C. (1997). Çevrebilim. Ankara: İmge Press.

Kılınç, A. (2012). Neoliberalizm bağlamında sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın merkez ve çevre ülkeler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Afyon Kocatepe University İİBF Journal, 14(1), 147-161.

Kidd, C.V. (1992). The evolution of sustainability. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 5(1), 1-26.

Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K., H., Haberl, H., & Fischer- Kowalski, M. (2009). Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2696-2705.

Kuhlman, T., & Farrington, J. (2010). What is sustainability? Sustainability, 2(11), 3436-3448.

Larner, W., & Walters, W. (2004). Global governmentality governing international spaces. London: Routledge.

Mega Projeler İstanbul, (2020). Retrieved from https://megaprojeleristanbul. com/#

Mengi, A., & Algan, N. (2003). Küreselleşme ve yerelleşme çağında bölgesel sürdürülebilir gelişme. Ankara: Siyasal Press.

Ministry of Finance Directorate General of National Property. (2012). Annual report. Retrieved from http://kurumsal.milliemlak.gov.tr/Faaliyet%20 Raporlar/2012_YILI_MILE_FAALIYET_RAPORU.pdf

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (2020). Retrieved from https://www. tarimorman.gov.tr/

Parkin, S. (2015). Contexts and drivers for operationalizing sustainable development. In Proceedings of the ICE-Civil Engineering. (pp.9-15), London:Thomas Telford Ltd.

Robert, K. W., Parris, T. M., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice, environment. Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 47(3), 8-21.

Schuetze, T., & Chelleri, L. (2016). Urban sustainability versus green-washing- fallacy and reality of urban regeneration in Downtown Seoul. Sustainability, 8(33), 1-14.

TerraChoice. (2010). The Sins of Greenwashing Home and Family Edition. Retrieved from http://sinsofgreenwashing.com/index35c6.pdf

Karadeniz HES kuşatmasında. (2013, October 17). Retrieved from https:// www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/karadeniz-hes-kusatmasinda-24931846

Tok, E., & Oğuz, M. (2013). Manifestations of neoliberal urbanisation: The case of Sulukule/Istanbul. Planlama, 23(2), 57-66.

TOKİ received The United Nation’s. (2018, March 28). Retrieved from http://www.toki.gov.tr/en/international-experience.html

U.N (United Nations). (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development: Our common future. Oslo: U.N Press.

U.N (United Nations). (2007). Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, October 2007 Third Edition, Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/guidelines.pdf

U.N (United Nations) - Habitat. Global Activities Report. (2017). Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/global-activities-report-2017/

U.N (United Nations). New Urban Agenda. (2017). Retrieved from http:// habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf

Van Den Berg, K. (2016). Neoliberal sustainability? The biopolitical dynamics of “green” capitalism, global governance/politics, Retrieved from https:// www.iss.nl/sites/corporate/files/31-ICAS_CP_van_der_Berg.pdf

WWF (World Wildlife Fund). (2014). Living planet report. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/data/WWF_LPR_2014.pdf

Yıkılmaz, N. (2016). Yeni dünya düzeni ve çevre. İstanbul: Umay Press.