In recent decades, the concept of the frontier has become an important theoretical framework through which one can readdress certain questions and issues relating to the historical past. For example, many scholars in Mediterranean Studies, particularly those starting from the Braudel viewpoint, no longer conceptualize boundaries by conflict, but instead as spaces characterized by social, cultural, religious and political exchanges. Following on from this, researchers have highlighted not only the importance of the main actors that lived in the borderlands, but also the cultural interchange that those actors shaped during their travels between two or more civilizations. Trying to go beyond an Early Modern Mediterranean divided by faith, Emilio Sola (Universidad Alcala de Henares-CEDCS) and Gennaro Varriale (Università Federico II di Napoli-CEDCS), both directors of the CEDCS (Centro Europeo para la Difusion de las Ciencias Sociales), presented in their Detrás de las apariencias. Información y espionaje (siglos XVI-XVII) a perception of a new Mediterranean world that was hidden under the old one and crushed under the rhetorical themes of crusade and jihad.1 A key point for analysis was the study of the Spanish intelligence system throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, showing the extent to which the space between the Ottoman Empire and Spanish Monarchy was interlinked by several different go-betweens.

In recent decades, the concept of the frontier has become an important theoretical framework through which one can readdress certain questions and issues relating to the historical past. For example, many scholars in Mediterranean Studies, particularly those starting from the Braudel viewpoint, no longer conceptualize boundaries by conflict, but instead as spaces characterized by social, cultural, religious and political exchanges. Following on from this, researchers have highlighted not only the importance of the main actors that lived in the borderlands, but also the cultural interchange that those actors shaped during their travels between two or more civilizations. Trying to go beyond an Early Modern Mediterranean divided by faith, Emilio Sola (Universidad Alcala de Henares-CEDCS) and Gennaro Varriale (Università Federico II di Napoli-CEDCS), both directors of the CEDCS (Centro Europeo para la Difusion de las Ciencias Sociales), presented in their Detrás de las apariencias. Información y espionaje (siglos XVI-XVII) a perception of a new Mediterranean world that was hidden under the old one and crushed under the rhetorical themes of crusade and jihad.1 A key point for analysis was the study of the Spanish intelligence system throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, showing the extent to which the space between the Ottoman Empire and Spanish Monarchy was interlinked by several different go-betweens.