Arap Ayaklanmalarının İslami Hareket Üzerindeki Etkileri: Tunus, Mısır ve Ürdün İhvan’ından De

Arap ayaklanmalarından sonra İslami hareketlerin Ortadoğu’nun büyük ve karmaşık yapısının ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu hususunu ve artan İslami aktivizmin irdelenmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koydu. Bu makale, Ortadoğu’da İslami hareketin ve Ihvan’ın yekpare olmadığını ve örnek ülke analizleri ile anlaşılabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Ayaklanmaların ardından ortaya çıkan en önemli konulardan birisini otoriter yapıların yerini siyasal çoğulculuğa bıtakıp bırakmayacağı yönünde olmuştur. Bu çerçevede, İhvan’ın Mısır ve Tunus’ta yürüttüğü siyasal pratikler birbirinden farklılık göstermekte olup, Ürdün ise bahse konu iki ülkenin melez bir örneğini teşkil etmektedir. İhvan içerisindeki bu farklı tutumlar İslami hareketin, ılımlılık-dahil etme hipotezi üzerinden yeniden düşünülmesi ihtiyacını doğurmştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Islami aktivizm, Müslüman Kardeşler, Arap ayaklanmaları, ılımlılık-dahil etme, demokratikleşme, Mısır, Tunus, Ürdün

IMPLICATIONS OF THE ARAB UPRISINGS ON THE ISLAMIST MOVEMENT: LESSONS FROM IKHWAN IN TUNISIA, EGYPT AND JORDAN

After the Arab uprisings, it has become apparent that Islamists are an integral component of the huge and complex structure in the Middle East, and the recent growth of Islamist activism in the region needs to be addressed. To that end, this article will argue that Islamists and the Ikhwan in the Arab Middle East do not form a monolithic entity and need to be on a case-by-case basis. Following the uprisings one of the key questions regarding Islamist parties has been centered on whether or not affected states will shift from authoritarianism towards political pluralism. The political practices of the Ikhwan movement in Egypt and Tunisia have exhibited clear cut differences from those of their predecessors, while the case of the Ikhwan in Jordan may be seen as a hybrid of the Egyptian and Tunisian cases that has brought the question of the ‘moderation-inclusion hypothesis’ back to the surface

Keywords:

Islamist activism, Muslim Brotherhood, Arab uprisings, moderation-inclusion, democratization, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan,

PDF

___

“Egypt Opposition Gears Up After Constitution Passes”, The New York Times, 23 December 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/world/middleeast/asegypt-constitution-passes-new-fights-lie-ahead.html?_r=0
“Hundreds of Jordanians protest Israel peace deal”, The Jerusalem Post, May 4, 2012.
“Mohammed Morsi ousted in Egypt’s second revolution in two years”, The Guardian, 4 July 2013.
“Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s Way”, Middle East/North Africa Report No. 106, 28 April 2011.
“Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IX): Dallying with Reform in a Divided Jordan”, International Crisis Group Middle East & North Africa Briefing, No. 18, 12 March 2012.
“Rashid Ghannushi on Britain, Islam and Democracy”, http://www.bbc.com/news/ world-16932923
“Tunisia election results: Nida Tunis wins most seats, sidelining Islamists”, The Guardian, 30 October 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/ tunisia-election-results-nida-tunis-wins-most-seats-sidelining-islamists
“Tunisia’s Elections: Old Wounds, New Fears”, International Crisis Group Middle East & North Africa Briefing, No. 44, 19 December 2014.
“Tunus Kurucu Meclis Seçim Sonuçları: Bir Devrimin Ardından Kazananlar ve Kaybedenler”, ORSAM, 23 Ekim 2011; orsam.org.tr
Ajami, Fouad, “The Arab Spring at One”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 2, March/April 2012, pp. 56–65.
Altunışık, Meliha Benli “Mübarek Sonrası Mısır”, ORSAM Yazıları, 6 Şubat 2013. Chamkhi, Tarek “Neo-Islamism in the Post-Arab Spring”, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 20, No.: 4.
Dalacoura, Katerina, “The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: Political Change and geopolitical implications”, International Affairs, Vol. 88, No.: 1, 2012.
Gerges, Fawas, “The Islamist Moment: From Islamic State to Civil Islam”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 128, No. 3, 2013.
Ghanem, As’ad and Mohanad Mustafa, “Strategies of electoral participation by Islamic movements: the Muslim Brotherhood and parliamentary elections in Egypt and Jordan, November 2010”, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 2011.
Lucas, Russell E., Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan, (New York: State University of New York Press, New York, 2005).
Lynch,Marc, “The Big Think Behind the Arab Spring”, Foreign Policy, December 2011, Issue: 190, pp. 46–47.
Robinson, Glenn, “Defensive Democratization in Jordan”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, 1998, pp. 387-410.
Sadiki, Larbi, “Jordan: Arab Spring Washout?”, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opiion/2013/01/201319134753750165.html
Schwedler, Jillian, “The Political Geography of Protest in Neoliberal Jordan”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 21, No. 3, Fall 2012, pp. 259–270.
Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006).