Influences of Language Proficiency, Bilingual Socialization, and Urban Youth Identities on Producing Different Arabic-English Voices in Australia
Bu makale, Avustralya İngilizcesinde tek bir Arapça altyapılı etnik lehçenin varlığına karşı çıkarak, gençlerin İngilizceyi nasıl ve ne zaman öğrendiklerine veya belli kimlikleri ifade etme gereksinimlerine bağlı olarak çeşitli sebeplerle oluşan dil kalıplarının bulunduğunu iddia etmektedir. Arap kökenli olan ve benzer çift anadil sosyalizasyon sürecinden geçmiş birçok Avustralyalı, konuşma dilinde Avustralya İngilizcesini diğerlerinden farklı olarak küçük değişikliklerle kullanmaktadırlar. Bu kullanım, ileri yaşlarda İngilizce öğrenen öğrencilerin sahip olduğu aksandan çok farklıdır. Ayrıca, sosyal değişkenlere göre Arabizi ve Lebspeak olarak iki grupta sınıflandırılabilir. Arabizi çift dilliliğin ve çift kültürlülüğün gençler arasında bir göstergesi olarak, konuşma sırasında düzenek kaydırmadır (dil geçişidir). Lebspeak de İngilizceye küresel hip-hop kültürünün yansıması ve Arap etkilerini içeren, belli bir topluluğa ait Avustralya kimliğinin göstergesidir. Araştırma sonuçları göstermektedir ki, Lebspeak kullanımı bölgeden çok cinsiyete ait bir tercihtir ve Lebspeak kullanan kişiler Avusturyalıların gözünde olumlu bir izlenim bırakmaktadırlar. Çalışmanın bulguları İngilizce öğretimi, ölçme ve değerlendirme, adli dilbilim, dil ve toplum araştırmalarında kişi örneklemeleri açısından önem taşımaktadır.
This paper argues against a single Arabic-background ethnolect of Australian-English, claiming that there are differently motivated language patterns, connected with how and when young people learned English, or their need to express certain identities. A lightly nuanced way of speaking Australia-English is shared by many Australians of Arabic-descent with similar early bilingual socialization. This emerging type of Australian-English is not the same as accented ‘learners’ English’, most typically spoken by late learners. The social varieties are Arabizi, a playful code-switching displaying a modern bilingual/bicultural youth identity, and Lebspeak, which adds global hip-hop and Arabic highlights to an English matrix. Rather than being mainstream-oppositional, Lebspeak is shown to express a niche Australian identity. Survey results indicate that gender is more relevant than religion for using Lebspeak, and that people who use Lebspeak have a positive impression of their status in the eyes of the Australian mainstream. The findings can inform English language teaching and assessment, forensic linguistics, and subject sampling in language and society research.
___
Access and Equity Annual Report. Australian Department of Immigration 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2006, from http://www.immi.gov.au/about/reports/access-equity/access-equity-2005/Chapter1.pdf.Batrouney, T. (2002). ‘White Australia’ to multiculturalism: Citizenship and identity. In G. Hage (Ed.), Arab-Australians: Citizenship and belonging today. (pp. 37–62). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Baugh, A. C., & Cable, T. (2002). A history of the English language (5th ed.). London: Routledge.
Bernard, J. R (1989) Quantitative aspects of the sounds of Australian English. In P. Collins & D. Blair (Eds.), Australian English: The language of a new society (pp. 187-204). Santa Lucia, Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press.
Birrell, R. & Healey, E. (2002). Out-marriage and the survival of ethnic communities in Australia, People and place, 8(3), 37-46. Retrieved May 20, 2006 from http://www.elecpress.monash.edu.au
Brennan, E. M., & Brennan, J. S. (1981). Accent scaling and language attitudes: Reactions to Mexican-American English speech. Language and Speech, 24, 207-221.
Broselow, E. (1992). Parametric variation in Arabic dialect phonology. In E. Broselow, M. Eid, and J. McCarthy (Eds.), Perspectives in Arabic linguistics IV Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics, IV Detroit, Michigan, 1990 (pp. 7–45). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Collins, J., Morrissey, M., & Grogan, L. (1995). State of the nation: A report on people of non-English speaking background, Federal Race Discrimination Commissioner, Canberra: AGPS
Cox, F. & Palethorpe, S. (2005). A preliminary acoustic phonetic examination of Lebanese Australian English. Paper presented at the Australian Language and Speech Conference, Sydney, December 13-15. Retrieved March 21, 2006, from http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/about/staff/cox_felicity/Cox&PaleL&S05.pdf.
Cultural Diversity Statistics- New South Wales. Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved August 20, 2006, from http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/diversity/nsw.pdf
Edwards, V. (1997). Patois and the politics of protest: Black English in British classrooms. In N. Coupland and A. Jaworski (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook (pp. 408-415). Houndmills: Macmillan.
English a new (1982). English, a new Language: Likely difficulties of pronunciation for Arabic speakers . Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Flege, J. E., Frieda, E. M. and Nozawa, T. (1997). Amount of native-language (L1) use affects the pronunciation of an L2. Journal of phonetics, 25(2), 169-186.
Hage, G. (2002). Postscript: Arab-Australian belonging after ‘September 11’. In G. Hage (Ed.), Arab-Australians: Citizenship and belonging today (pp. 341-348). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Harris, R. (2006). New ethicities and language use. Palgrave Macmillan.
Horvath, B. (1985). Variation in Australian English: the sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Humphrey, M. (2002). Injuries and identities: authorising Arab diasporic difference in crisis. In G. Hage (Ed.), Arab-Australians: Citizenship and belonging today. (pp. 206-224). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Kiesling, S. F. (2001) Australian English and recent migrant groups. In D. Blair and P. C. Collins (Eds.), Varieties of English in the world: focus on Australia (pp. 239-257). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kiesling, S. F. (2005). A variable, a style, a stance: Word final –er and ethnicity in Australian English. English World-Wide, 26(1), 1-42. Retrieved March 9, 2006, from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:VvpQndbXxp0J:www.pitt.edu/~kiesling/kiesling-ER.pdf+ethnolect+Australia.
Kotsinas, U. B. (1988). Immigrant children's Swedish – a new variety? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9, 129-140.
Labov, W. (2006), The social stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Liebkind, K. (1999). Social psychology. In J. Fishman (Ed.), Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 382-395). New York: Oxford University Press.
Leitner, G. (2004). Australia’s many voices: Ethnic Englishes, indigenous and migrant languages: Policy and Education. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mahmoud, A. (2000). Modern Standard Arabic vs. Non-Standard Arabic: Where do Arab students of EFL transfer from? Language, Culture and Curriculum. Retrieved March 9, 2006, from channelviewpublications.net.
Mahmoud, A. (2002.) Interlingual transfer of idioms by Arab learners of English. The Internet TESL Journal, VIII(12). Retrieved March 10, 2006, from http://iteslj.org/.
Mitchell, T. (1998). Australian hip hop as a ‘glocal’ subculture. The Ultimo Series Seminar. Retrieved February 18, 2006 from http://www.cia.com.au/peril/youth/tonym2.pdf.
Noble, G., and P. Tabar. (2002) On being Lebanese-Australian: hybridity, essentialism and strategy among Arabic-speaking youth. In G. Hage (Ed.), Arab-Australians: Citizenship and belonging today. (pp. 128-144). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Orlando, Valerie. (2003) From rap to rai in the mixing bowl: Beur hip-hop culture and banlieue cinema in urban France. Journal of Popular Culture, 36, 395-414.
Poynting, S. (2006) What caused the Cronulla riot? Race and Class, 48(1), 85-92. Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.
Richards, J. (1974). Error analysis: Perspectives on second language learning. London: Longman.
Spira, T. (1999). Nationalism and ethnicity terminologies: An encyclopedic dictionary and research guide: Volume 1. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press.
Suliman, R., and D. M. McInerney (2003). Lebanese-Background Students in SouthWestern Sydney. Paper presented at NZARE AARE, Auckland, New Zealand November 2003. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from http://www.aare.edu.au/03pap/sul03797.pdf.
Villelabeitia, I. (2005). In Jordan, the young and hip speak ‘Arabizi’. Yahoo News. Feature article. Sunday December 18, 08:16 AM. Retrieved February 20, 2006 from http://in.news.yahoo.com/051218/137/61lb1.html.
Warren, J. (1999). ‘Wogspeak’: Transformations of Australian English. Journal of Australian Studies, 62, 86–94.
- ISSN: 1307-4733
- Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
- Başlangıç: 2007
- Yayıncı: -