İslam ve Bilim: Diyanet Tarafından Verilen COVID-19 Fetvaların İncelenmesi

Salgınlar tarihteki toplumlar üzerinde derin etkiler bırakmış, bireylerin ve toplulukların hem maddi hem de manevi yönlerini etkilemiştir. COVID-19 salgını, ekonomik, sosyal ve dini ibadetler üzerindeki etkisi de dahil olmak üzere, geçici toplumsal değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerden biri de toplu yapılan ibadetlerin toplum sağlığının öncelemesinden dolayı askıya alınmasıdır. İkinci büyük dini grup olan İslam’da da cemaatle yapılan ibadetlerde, sağlık uzmanlarının ve bilim insanlarının yönergeleri doğrultusunda ve önlemleri çerçevesinde geçici değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu geçici değişiklikler din ve bilim etkileşimini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu makalede, din ile bilim arasındaki ilişki, COVID-19 dönemini örnek olay alarak, özellikle İslam ile bilimin bu dönemdeki etkileşimini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından COVID-19 döneminde verilen fetvaların, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün bilimsel kararlılarıyla uyumunu analiz etmektedir. Bu ilişkiyi anlamak önemlidir, çünkü dinî otoriteler nüfus üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir ve halkın düşüncesini şekillendirmektedirler. Dolayısıyla bu makalede, fetva kurumlarının COVID-19 sürecinde ortaya çıkan problemlere ilişkin fetvalarında bilimsel verilerden ne ölçüde faydalandıklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığın fetva kurumu olan Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu tarafından verilen fetva örnekleriyle birlikte, COVID-19 salgını sırasındaki din ile bilim arasındaki ilişkiye ışık tutmaktadır. Sonuç olarak ise salgın hem dinî hem de tıbbi önlemleri dikkate alan dengeli bir yaklaşımın halk sağlığı önlemleri için gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Salgınlar, toplumlar üzerinde derin etkiler bırakırken, din ve bilim arasındaki etkileşim, sağlık krizlerinde yönlendirici bir rol oynayabilir ve toplumun refahı için önemli bir dayanak oluşturabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Din, Bilim, Islam, Covid-19, Fetvalar, Türkiye Diyanet Işleri Başkanlığı

Islam and Science: An Analysis of the COVID-19 Fatwas Issued by the Diyanet

Pandemics have had a profound impact on societies throughout history, affecting both the material and spiritual aspects of individuals and communities. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused temporary but significant societal changes, including its impact on economic, social and religious worship. One of these changes is the suspension of congregational worship due to the prioritization of public health. In Islam, the second largest religious group, there have also been temporary changes to congregational worship in line with the guidelines and precautions of health experts and scientists. These changes are important in showing the interaction between religion and science. This article aims to analyse the relationship between religion and science, specifically the interaction between Islam and science in this period, taking the COVID-19 period as a case study. To this end, it analyses how the fatwās issued by the High Board of Religious Affairs during the COVID-19 period align with the scientific decisions of the World Health Organization. Understanding this relationship is important because religious authorities have a significant influence on the population and can shape public opinion. Thus, this article aims to reveal the extent to which fatwā institutions utilize scientific data in their fatwās on novel issues arising during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, it sheds light on the relationship between religion and science during the COVID-19 pandemic, with examples of fatwās issued by the High Board of Religious Affairs, the fatwa institution of the Presidency of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. In conclusion, the pandemic has demonstrated the necessity of a balanced approach to public health measures that takes into account both religious and medical measures. As pandemics have a profound impact on societies, the interaction between religion and science can play a guiding role in health crises and provide an important foundation for the well-being of society.

Keywords:

Religion, Science, Islam, Covid-19, Fatwās, Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet),

PDF

___

The Holy Quran. ‘Sūra Al-Baqara, Chapter 2’. trans. A. Yusuf Ali. Accessed 21 February 2023. https://quranyusufali.com/2/
The Holy Quran. ‘Sūra An-Nisa, Chapter 4’. trans. A. Yusuf Ali. Accessed 21 February 2023. https://quranyusufali.com/4/
Ali, A. Yusuf. The Holy Qur-Ān: English Translation of the Meanings and Commentary. Al-Madina Al- Munawarah: The Presidency of Islamic Reserches, IFTA, Call and Guidance, 1987.
The Holy Quran. ‘Sūra Al-Kahf, Chapter 18’. trans. Yusuf Ali. Accessed 25 May 2023. https://quranyusufali.com/18/
Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim. Al-Tibb al-Nabawi. Beirut: Dār al-Salām, 2018.
Asqalānī, Ibn Hajar al-. Badhl Al-Māʿūn Fī Faḍl al-Tāʿūn, Thahqīq Aḥmad ʿAsām ʿAbdul Qādir. Al-Riyādh: Dār al-ʿāsima, 2001.
Ayoub, Samy A. ‘The Ottoman Rationale for Codification: The Mecelle’. Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence. ed. Samy A. Ayoub. 0. Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092924.003.0005
Baycar, Hamdullah. ‘Civil War and Pandemic: Syrian’s Response to the Covid-19’. Syrian Studies Association Bulletin 25/1 (2022), 33–43.
Baycar, Hamdullah - Atar, Emrah. ‘Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Kovid-19: Realizm ve Küresel Salgın (Kovid-19)’. Pandemi Döneminde Siyaset Bilimi: Politikalar, Uygulamalar ve Tartışmalar. 181–199. Konya: Cizgi Yayinevi, 2022.
Conrad, Lawrence I. ‘Ṭaʿūn and Wabāʾ Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25/3 (1 January 1982), 268–307. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852082X00021
Dar al-Ifta’ dar al-Ulum al-Zakariyya. ‘Regarding Jummah Prayer During the Coronavirus Pandemic’. 14 March 2020. https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/files/2020/03/Dar-al-ifta-dar-al-ulum-zakariyya-South-Africa-Jumuah-during-waba-and-taun-2020-03-17.pdf
Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu. Islam’ın Hastalık Salgınlarına Bakışı, 2020. https://yayin.diyanet.gov.tr/File/Download?path=463_1.pdf&id=463
Ebrahim, Shahul H. - Memish, Ziad A. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Drastic Measures to Curb the COVID-19 Outbreak: Temporary Suspension of the Umrah Pilgrimage’. Journal of Travel Medicine 27/3 (18 May 2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa029
Eryiğit, Adem - Başak, Mehmet Ali. ‘Covid-19 Sürecinde İnanç ve İbadet: Covid-19 Pandemisinin Müslümanların İnanç ve Günlük İslamî Yaşantılarına Etkisi’. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/53 (2021), 126–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/SOBIDER.52039
Fiqh Council of North America. ‘Prayer and Funeral Issues Pertaining to COVID-19’. Fiqh Council of North America. 3 May 2020. Accessed 3 February 2023. https://fiqhcouncil.org/prayer-and-funeral-issues-pertaining-to-covid-19/
Gaillard, J. Christophe - Texier, Pauline. ‘Religions, Natural Hazards, and Disasters: An Introduction’. Religion 40/2 (2010), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2009.12.001
Güngör, Berkan. ‘Türkiye’de Covid-19 Pandemisi Süresince Alınan Önlemlerin Kriz Yönetimi Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi’. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.811463
Hashmi, Furqan K. et al. ‘Religious Cliché and Stigma: A Brief Response to Overlooked Barriers in COVID-19 Management’. Journal of Religion and Health 59/6 (1 December 2020), 2697–2700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01063-y
Ibn Majah. ‘Sunan Ibn Majah 3436 - Chapters on Medicine - كتاب الطب -’. Accessed 24 July 2022. https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:3436
Küçükcan, Talip - Köse, Ali. Doğal Afetler ve Din (Marmara Depremi Üzerine Psiko-Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme). Istanbul: Emre yayinlari, 2006.
Mas-Coma, Santiago et al. ‘COVID-19 and Globalization’. One Health 9 (10 April 2020), 100132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100132
Masʿūdī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-. Murūj Al-Dhahab Wa-Maʿādin al-Jawhar. ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. 8 Volume. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1997.
McGeehan PhD, Kathleen M. - Baker PhD, Charlene K. ‘Religious Narratives and Their Implications for Disaster Risk Reduction’. Disasters 41/2 (2017), 258–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12200
Mehfooz, Musferah. ‘Understanding the Impact of Plague Epidemics on the Muslim Mind during the Early Medieval Period’. Religions 12/10 (October 2021), 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100843
Mishra, Lokanath et al. ‘Online Teaching-Learning in Higher Education during Lockdown Period of COVID-19 Pandemic’. International Journal of Educational Research Open 1 (1 January 2020), 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012
Mufti Nizamuddin. Fatawa Hindiyya. Lebenon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah, 2000.
Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn Sharaf. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim Bi-Sharḥ al-Nawawī. 18 Volume. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Miṣriyya, 1929.
Sahih al-Bukhari. ‘Sahih Al-Bukhari 122 - Knowledge - كتاب العلم’. Accessed 25 May 2023. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:122
Sahih al-Bukhari. ‘Sahih Al-Bukhari 901 - Friday Prayer - كتاب الجمعة -’. Sunnah.com. 2023. Accessed 6 March 2023. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:901
Sahih al-Bukhari. ‘Sahih Al-Bukhari 5678 - Medicine - كتاب الطب’. Accessed 22 February 2023. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5678
Sahih al-Bukhari. ‘Sahih Al-Bukhari 5728 - Medicine - كتاب الطب -’. Sunnah.com. Accessed 7 February 2023. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5728
Sahih al-Bukhari. ‘Sahih Al-Bukhari 6974 - Tricks - كتاب الحيل’. Accessed 3 March 2023. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6974
Sano, Koutoub Moustapha. ‘IIFA Statement on the Ruling to Take the Available Covid-19 Vaccines during the Fast of Ramadan, and on the Precautionary Measures Taken by the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards Visitors of the Two Holy Mosques during Ramadan’. International Islamic Fiqh Academy. 13 April 2021. Accessed 3 February 2023. https://iifa-aifi.org/en/12112.html.
Shabana, Ayman. ‘From the Plague to the Coronavirus: Islamic Ethics and Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic’. Journal of Islamic Ethics, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1163/24685542-12340060
Sholeh, M. Asrorun Ni’am. ‘Towards a Progressive Fatwa: MUI’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic’. AHKAM 20/2 (2020), 280–298.
The British Board of Scholars and Imams. ‘UK Community Briefing Paper for Imams, Mosques, and Madrasas for the Coronovirus Pandemic’. 30 May 2020. Accessed 3 February 2023. https://perma.cc/5UBP-YMY4
WHO. ‘COVID-19 Transmission – Learning How to Protect Yourself and Others’. World Health Organization. 2023. Accessed 6 March 2023. https://www.who.int/teams/risk-communication/covid-19-transmission-package
WHO. ‘Q&A: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): How Is It Transmitted?’ 2020. Accessed 6 March 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted
Wijesinghe, Millawage Supun Dilara et al. ‘Role of Religious Leaders in COVID-19 Prevention: A Community-Level Prevention Model in Sri Lanka’. Journal of Religion and Health 61/1 (2022), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01463-8
Wilder-Smith, A - Freedman, D O. ‘Isolation, Quarantine, Social Distancing and Community Containment: Pivotal Role for Old-Style Public Health Measures in the Novel Coronavirus (2019-NCoV) Outbreak’. Journal of Travel Medicine 27/2 (13 March 2020), taaa020. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020
Yakar, Emine Enise. Islamic Law and Society : The Practice of Iftā’ and Religious Institutions. London ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2022.
Yoosefi Lebni, Javad et al. ‘How the COVID-19 Pandemic Effected Economic, Social, Political, and Cultural Factors: A Lesson from Iran’. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 67/3 (May 2021), 298–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020939984
Zulfiqar, Adnan. ‘Mapping Covid Fatwas Project’. Fatwās and Scholar Statements on Covid-19 (novel Coronavirus). Accessed 18 January 2023. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yB1sntIW67R0FtkJoa8pPD7HH1T98lhwDRFYgP4eEps/edit?usp=embed_facebook ‘Al-Majalla(The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi))’, 224.
‘Ertesi Gün Hapı ve Doğum Kontrol Hapı Kullanmak Caiz Midir? : Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu : Dini Bilgilendirme Platformu’. Accessed 24 May 2023. https://kurul.diyanet.gov.tr/Cevap-Ara/Karar/38700/ertesi-gun-hapi-ve-dogum-kontrol-hapi-kullanmak-caiz-midir
‘Fıkhi Açıdan Ceninin Durumu Nedir? : Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu : Dini Bilgilendirme Platformu’. Accessed 24 May 2023. https://kurul.diyanet.gov.tr/Cevap-Ara/Karar/38213/fikhi-acidan-ceninin-durumu-nedir
‘Religious Leaders Play Key Role in Battle against COVID-19’. Accessed 1 March 2023. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/stories/religious-leaders-play-key-role-battle-against-covid-19