DİJİTAL SÜREÇLERİN DOĞAL VE KÜLTÜREL MİRAS TURİZMİNİN GELİŞİMİNE ETKİSİ

Turizm, dünya çapında doğal ve kültürel mirasın tanıtılması ve korunmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Dijitalleşmenin gelişiyle birlikte turizm endüstrisi üzerinde dönüştürücü bir etki olmuştur. Bu makalede, doğal ve kültürel miras turizmi ile dijitalleşme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırılmış ve beraberinde getirdiği fırsatları ve zorlukları vurgulanmıştır. Dijital teknolojilerin turizm deneyiminde nasıl devrim yarattığını, erişilebilirliği nasıl artırdığını ve koruma çabalarını nasıl kolaylaştırdığı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, miras turizminin dijitalleştirilmesiyle ilgili potansiyel riskler ve etik hususlar araştırılmıştır. Bu makale, doğal ve kültürel miras turizmi ile dijitalleşme arasındaki kesişime kapsamlı bir genel bakış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Doğal ve kültürel miras alanları, farklı bölgelerin eşsiz manzaralarını, tarihi eserlerini ve geleneklerini keşfetmek ve deneyimlemek isteyen turistleri uzun süredir cezbetmektedir. Teknolojideki gelişmelerin yönlendirdiği dijitalleşmenin ortaya çıkışı, turizm de dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli sektörlerde devrim yaratmıştır. Dijitalleşme ile doğal ve kültürel miras turizmi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş, potansiyel faydaları, zorlukları ve sonuçları keşfedilmeye çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACT Tourism plays an important role in the promotion and protection of natural and cultural heritage worldwide. With digitalization, on the tourism industry; It has had a transformative effect in terms of visitor satisfaction, informed circulation, efficiency and process facilitation. Natural and cultural heritage sites have long attracted tourists who want to explore and experience the unique landscapes, historical monuments and traditions of different regions. The emergence of digitalization driven by developments in technology has revolutionized various industries, including tourism. In this article, the relationship between natural and cultural heritage tourism and digitalization has been explored and the opportunities and challenges it brings are highlighted. Successful practices are exemplified by examining how digital technologies revolutionize the tourism experience, increase accessibility, and facilitate conservation efforts. Different perspectives have been tried to be put forward, especially on issues such as sustainability, education, visitor experience, and local economy. In addition, the potential risks and ethical considerations associated with digitizing heritage tourism are explored. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intersection between natural and cultural heritage tourism and digitalization and is expected to shed light on specific future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Doğal ve Kültürel Miras, Turizm, Dijitalleşme, Dijital Süreçler

PDF

___

Acropolis Museum. (n.d.). (2018). Mobile Application. Retrieved from https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/mobile-application
Akpınar, S. (2003). Türkiye’nin turizm merkezlerinde ekoturizm yaklaşımları. Turizm Bakanlığı, Yatırımlar Genel Müdürlüğü Planlama Dairesi Yayınları, 9, 2011.
Aliağaoğlu, A. (2004). Sosyo-Kültürel Miras Turizmi Ve Türkiye’den Örnekler, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2,(2), 50 – 64.
Attenborough, D. (2018). Great Barrier Reef VR Experience. Retrieved from https://attenboroughsreef.com/vr_dive.php
Ballatore, A., & Mooney, P. (2015). Conceptualising the geographic world: the dimensions of negotiation in crowdsourced cartography. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 29(12), 2310-2327.
British Museum. (n.d.). (2023). A History of the World in 100 Objects. Retrieved from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/a-history-of-the-world
British Museum. (n.d.). (2023). Virtual Museum. Retrieved from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/virtual-museum
Buhalis, D. (2020). Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 267-272.
Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015: Proceedings of the International Conference in Lugano, Switzerland, February 3-6, 2015 (pp. 377-389). Springer International Publishing.
Buhalis, D., & Foerste, M. (2015). SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 151-161.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609-623.
Buhalis, D., & Leung, R. (2018). Smart hospitality—Interconnectivity and interoperability towards an ecosystem. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 41-50.
Buhalis, D., & Michopoulou, E. (2011). Information-enabled tourism destination marketing: addressing the accessibility market. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 145-168.
Carlsen, J., & Butler, R. (Eds.). (2011). Island tourism: Sustainable perspectives. CAB International.
Cheung, C. A., & Yang, M. L. (2005, January). The Experience of Images Digitization at the National Palace Museum: The Digital Archives Project of Chinese Antiquities. In Archiving Conference (Vol. 2005, No. 1, pp. 143-147). Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
Clough, W. (2013). Best of both worlds: Museums, libraries and archives in a digital age. Retrieved from https:// www.si.edu/content/gwc/bestofbothworldssmithsonian.
CyArk. (n.d.). (2022). Retrieved from https://www.cyark.org/
Çakmak, T. (2017). Türkiye’de kültürel bellek kurumlarında dijitalleştirme ve dijital koruma politikaları: Bir model önerisi.
Darçın Şahin, İ. 2010. Yerel kültür mirasının dijitalleştirilmesi ve halk kütüphaneleri: Yalova örneği. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Demirer, D., 2015. Kültürel Mirasın Sürdürülebilirliği Kapsamında Edebiyat Turizminin Yönetici ve Tüketici Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Düzce Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, YL Tezi, 273, Düzce.
Doğan, M. (2010). Ekomüze Odaklı Sürdürülebilir Destinasyon ve Gökçeada Üzerine Bir Uygulama (Master's thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Doğaner, S., (2003) “Miras Turizminin Coğrafi Kaynakları ve Korunması”, Coğrafi Çevre Koruma ve Turizm Sempozyumu (16-18 Nisan), İzmir.
Emekli, G., 2006. Coğrafya, Kültür ve Turizm: Kültürel Turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı:1-2, 51-59, İzmir.
Emir, O. ve Avan, A. (2010). Yabanci Turistlerin Satın Alma Karar Sürecinde Kültürel Varlıkların Etkisi: Konya Örnegi, The Effect of Cultural Assets on Purchase Decision Making Process of The Foreign Tourists: The Case of Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (24), 203.
Etsy. (n.d.). (2023). Retrieved from https://www.etsy.com/
Ferraris, A., Mazzoleni, A., Devalle, A., & Couturier, J. (2018). Big data analytics capabilities and knowledge management: Impact on firm performance. Management Decision. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi. org/10.1108/MD-07-2018-0825.
Foth, M. (Ed.). (2011). From Social Butterfly to Engaged Citizen: Urban İnformatics, Social Media, Ubiquitous Computing, and Mobile Technology to Support Citizen Engagement. MIT Press.
Garcia, P. (2019). Neoliberal Reform in Machu Picchu: Protecting a Community, Heritage Site, and Tourism Destination in Peru. By Pellegrino A. Luciano. Mountain Research and Development, 39(2), M11-M12.
Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). (2019) (n.d.). Sustainable Tourism Education Program (STEP). Retrieved from https://www.gstcouncil.org/step/
Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., & Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and Water (Vol. 2). Channel View Publications.
Gretzel, U., & Yoo, K. H. (2008). Use and impact of online travel reviews. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2008 (pp. 35-46). Springer, Vienna.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179-188.
Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism management, 31(5), 637-651.
Güleç Korumaz, S.A., 2015. Kültürel Miras Yönetiminde Karar Destek Sistemlerinin Kullanımına Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi. Selçuk Üni., Fen Bilimleri Enst., Dok. Tezi, 186, Konya.
Gürdoğan Bayır, Ö., & Çengelci Köse, T. (2019). Kültürel miras ve korunmasına ilişkin ortaokul öğrencilerinin görüşleri. Kastamonu Education Journal, 27(4), 1827-1840. doi:10.24106/kefdergi.3393
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014, January). Does gamification work?--a literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 3025-3034). Ieee.
Harkin, M. (1995). Modernist anthropology and tourism of the authentic. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 650-670.
Haskova-Edirne Kültürel ve Tarihi Destinasyonlar. (2017). www.ipacbc-bgtr.eu: http://www.ipacbc-bgtr.eu/tr/projects-funded/haskova-edirne-kulturel-ve-tarihi-destinasyonlar
Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada (ITAC). (2023). (n.d.). Indigenous Canada. Retrieved from https://indigenouscanada.travel/
Indigenous Tourism Network of Mexico (ITNM). (n.d.). (2012). Mobilizing the Indigenous Communities' Heritage. Retrieved from https://www.equatorinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/case_1348164210.pdf
Karaman, A., & Sayın, K. (2019). Dijital turizm sektörün yeni geleceği. Eğitim Yayınevi.[In Turkish].
Karapınar, E., & Barakazi, M. (2017). Kültürel Miras Turizminin Sürdürülebilir Turizm Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Göbeklitepe Ören Yeri. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 5-18.
Kolaç, E. (2009). Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirası Koruma, Bilinç ve Duyarlılık Oluşturmada Türkçe Eğitiminin Önemi, Milli Folklor, 3(3), 350-368.
Kordha, E., Gorica, K., & Sevrani, K. (2019). The Importance of Digitalization for Sustainable Cultural Heritage Sites in Albania. In Cultural Sustainable Tourism: A Selection of Research Papers from IEREK Conference on Cultural Sustainable Tourism (CST), Greece 2017 (pp. 91-97). Springer International Publishing.
Kurtar, C.,& Somuncu, M. (2013). Kentsel Kültürel Mirasın Korunması ve Sürdürülebilirliği: Ankara Hamamönü Örneği. Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 35-47.
Külcü Taşkın Ö (2015). Kültürel Miras Kavramının Eğitim Açısından Önemi, Akademia Disiplinlerarası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi 1 (1), 27-32.
Law, R., Qi, S., & Buhalis, D. (2010). Progress in tourism management: A review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism Management, 31(3), 297-313.
Magno, F., & Cassia, F. (2018). The impact of social media influencers in tourism. Anatolia, 29(2), 288-290.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2015). Technology as a catalyst of change: Enablers and barriers of the tourist experience and their consequences. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015: Proceedings of the International Conference in Lugano, Switzerland, February 3-6, 2015 (pp. 789-802). Springer International Publishing.
Novelli, M., Schmitz, B., & Spencer, T. (2006). Networks, clusters and innovation in tourism: A UK experience. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1141-1152.
Nuryanti, W. (1996), Heritage and Postmodern Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 249-260.
Oğuz, Ö. (2013). Terim Olarak Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras, Milli Folklor, 25(100), 5-13. Özdemir, N. “Kültür Ekonomisi ve Endüstrileri İle Kültürel Miras Yönetimi İlişkisi”. Milli Folklor 84 (Kış 2009): 73-86.
Özer, A. & Görgülü, Z. (2021). Bir Bilimsel Derlemenin Planlanması ve Yazımı Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (3), 698-713.
Peru.travel. (n.d.). (2023). Machu Picchu. Retrieved from https://www.peru.travel/en/what-to-do/heritage/machu-picchu
Pletikosa Cvijikj, I., & Michahelles, F. (2013). Online Mengagement factors on Facebook brand pages. Social Network Analysis And Mining, 3, 843-861.
Plitvice Lakes National Park. (n.d.). (2023). Retrieved from https://www.np-plitvicka-jezera.hr/en/
Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 12-21.
Scottish Ten. (n.d.). (2022). Retrieved from https://www.cyark.org/collections/scottish-ten
Sigala, M., Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (Eds.). (2012). Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality: Theory, Practice and Cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
Smithsonian Learning Lab. (n.d.). (2023). Retrieved from https://learninglab.si.edu/
Sustainable Travel International. (2020). (n.d.). Tourism Information and Monitoring System (TIMS). Retrieved from https://sustainabletravel.org/our-work/sustainable-tourism-tools/tourism-information-monitoring-system-tims/
The Palace Museum. (n.d.). (2023). Retrieved from https://en.dpm.org.cn/
Trequattrini, R., Shams, R., Lardo, A., & Lombardi, R. (2016). Risk of an epidemic impact when adopting the Internet of Things: The role of sector-based resistance. Business Process Management Journal, 22(2), 403–419.
Turan, Ş. (1994) Türk Kültür Tarihi; Türk Kültüründen Türkiye Kültürüne ve Evrenselliğe, 2.b. Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi.
Tussyadiah, I. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences: Access to places via shared videos. Annals of tourism research, 36(1), 24-40.
UNWCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. The United Nations World Commission on Enviroment and Development .
UNWTO. (2019). Community-Based Tourism: Fostering Sustainable Development. United Nations World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/event/34-commission-for-east-asia-and-the-pacific-south-asia
UNWTO. (2021). Tourism and Education. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-education
UNWTO. (2021). Tourism and Local Communities. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-local-communities
UNWTO. (2021). Tourism and Rural Development. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-rural-development
UNWTO. (2021). Tourism Policy. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-policy
Uslu, A. & Kiper, T. (2006). Turizmin Kültürel Miras Üzerine Etkileri: Beypazarı/Ankara Örneğinde Yerel Halkın Farkındalığı, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3).
Uygur, S. M. & Baykan, E. (2007) Kültür Turizmi ve Turizmin Kültürel Varlıklar üzerindeki Etkileri, Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 2, ss. 30-49.
Prentice, R. C., Witt, S. F., & Hamer, C. (1998). Tourism as experience: The case of heritage parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 1-24.
Verma, V. K., & Ansari, N. (2016). Tourism: Fastest Growing International Industries. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5(12).
Williams, S., (1998). Tourism Geography, Routledge, London.
TDK. (2023). sözlük. 2023 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı
World Bank. (1999). Sustainable tourism and cultural heritage: a review of development assistance and its potential to promote sustainability (English). Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/551751468176048723/Sustainable-tourism-and-cultural-heritage-a-review-of-development-assistance-and-its-potential-to-promote-sustainability
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179-188.
Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y., & Fan, W. (2017). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 51-65.
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 244-249.
Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 10, 27-36.