Nasıralı İsa’nın Erken Dönem Yahudi Literatürüne Yansımaları

İsa ve öğretileri hakkında bazı kayıtlar nakleden kaynaklar arasında çeşitli Hıristiyanlık anlayışlarını yansıtan "kanonik" ve "apokrif" İnciller bilimsel açıdan öncelikli yere sahiptir. Ancak bizzat İsa'nın da mensubu olduğu İsrailoğulları kavmi bünyesinde, İsa'nın kendisi hakkındaki iddialarına veya gündeme getirdiği dinî içerikli prensiplere iman etmeyen Yahudiler de konuya ilişkin bazı kayıtlar oluşturmuşlardır. İsa'nın Yahudi bir muhitte doğup büyüdüğü ve umumiyetle Musa Şeriatı üzerine vaazlar verdiği göz önünde bulundurulursa, Yahudilerin söz konusu kayıtlarını en azından teorik açıdan önemsemek gerekir. Bu makale, İsa ve öğretilerinin Miladî takvimin erken yüzyıllarında Yahudi rivayetlerindeki izlerini ana hatlarıyla tanıtmak ve değerlendirmek amacı taşımaktadır

The Reflections of Jesus the Nazareth on Early Jewish Literature

Among all the sources which bear record of Jesus and his teachings the “canonical” and the “apocryphal” Gospels which reflect diverse Christian understandings occupy a priority in the scientific point of view. Within the Israelite community, however, of which Jesus was also a member, Jews who did not believe in the truth of Jesus’s claims about himself and of the religiously-motivated the principles that he proposed, formed a set of records on this topic too. Taking into consideration the fact that Jesus had been born and raised in a Jewish milieu and that he had preached concerning the Mosaic Law, the above-mentioned records of the Jewish community need to be at least theoretically taken into account. This article aims to present and evaluate in general terms the traces of Jesus and his teachings from the first few centuries of the common era as preserved in the Jewish accounts

___

  • Adam, B. (2001). Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Tevrat, Pınar Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Case, S. J. (1912). The Historicity of Jesus: A Criticism of the Contention That Jesus Never Lived, A Statement of the Evidence for His Existence, An Estimate of His Relation to Christianity, The University of Chicago Press: Illinois.
  • Dalman, G. (1893). Jesus Christ in the Talmud, Midrash, Zohar and the Liturgy of the Synagogue, İngilizce trc.-ed. A. W. Streane, Cambridge University
  • PressDrews, A. (1910). The Christ Myth, Almanca’dan İngilizce trc. C. Delisle Burns, London.
  • Dunn, J. D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered, Grand Rapids: Michigan.
  • Ehrman, B. D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium, Oxford University Press.
  • Eisenman, R. (1997). James, The Brother of Jesus: Recovering the True History of Early Christianity, London.
  • El-A’zami, M. M. (2006). Vahyedilişinden Derlenişine Kur’an Tarihi: Eski ve Yeni Ahit ile Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma, Türkçe trc. Ömer Türker-Fetih Serenli, İz Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
  • Evans, C. A. (2004). “Jesus in Non-Christian Sources”, The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, C. 4, ed. Craig A. Evans, London.
  • _____ (1995). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies, Brill: Leiden.
  • Feldman, L. H.-Hata, G. (ed.) (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, Wayne State University Press: Detroit.
  • Gero, S. (1994). “The Stern Master and His Wayward Disciple: A ‘Jesus’ Story in the Talmud and in Christian Hagiography”, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period, C. 25,.
  • Goguel, M. (1926). Jesus the Nazarene: Myth or History, İngilizce trc. Frederick Stephens, New York.
  • Gowler, D. B. (2011). “The Quest for the Historical Jesus: An Overview”, The Blackwell Companion to Jesus, ed. Delbert Burkett.
  • Griffith, S. (2008). “Christians Under Muslim Rule”, Cambridge History of Christianity: C. III, ed. Thomas F. X. Noble–J. M. H. Smith, Cambridge University Press, ss. 197-212.
  • Guenther, A. (1995). “Christian-Muslim Apologetics in the Abbasid Period”, McGill Journal of Middle East Studies, C. 3, ss. 1-16.
  • Habermas, G. R. (1996) The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus, College Press.
  • Haider, G. A. (1999). Muslim Understanding of Other Religions: A Study of Ibn Hazm’s Kitab al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa’ wa al-Nihal, İslamabad.
  • Herford, R. T. (2003). Christianity in Talmud and Midrash, New York.
  • Holding, J. P. (2008). Shattering the Christ Myth: Did Jesus Not Exist, USA.
  • Hoyland, R. (1997). Seeing Islam As Others Saw It, A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam, Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, The Darwin Press: Princeton-New Jersey.
  • Instone-Brewer, D. (2011). “Jesus of Nazareth’s Trial in the Uncensored Talmud”, Tyndale Bulletin, 62.
  • Iosephus, F. (1999). Antiquites of Jews, İngilizce trc: William Whiston, Yorum: Paul L. Maier, Grand Rapids.
  • Johnson, P. (tarihsiz). Yahudi Tarihi, Türkçe trc. Filiz Orman, Pozitif Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Justin (Martyr) (Şehit Iustinos) (1867, yeniden basım 2013), “Dialogue with Trypho, the Jew”, Ante Nicene Fathers, C. 1, ed. Philip Schaff, Edinburgh.
  • Kanca, H. K. (2013). Hıristiyan ve İslami Kaynaklardan Hareketle Yeni Bir İslami Kristoloji Denemesi, Basılmamış Tez Çalışması, Samsun.
  • Kaplan, İ. (2006). “Erken Dönemde Hıristiyan Karşıtı Söylemin Ortaya Çıkmasını Hazırlayan Sebepler”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 47: 2, ss. 165-183.
  • _____ (2006). Erken Dönem Müslüman-Hıristiyan İlişkileri, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Danışman: Şaban Ali Kuzgun, Ankara.
  • Köstenberger, A. J.-Kellum, L. S.-Quarles, C. L. (2009). The Cradle, The Cross and The Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament, Nashville: B & H Academic.
  • Liable, H. (1893). Jesus Christ in the Talmud, İngilizce trc. A. W. Streane, Cambridge University Press.
  • Lüdemann, G. (1996). Heretics: The Other Side of Early Christianity, Stuttgart 1995, İngilizce trc. John Bowden, Kentucky.
  • Maccoby, H. (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
  • _____ (1987). The Mythmaker: Paul and Invention of Christianity, HarperCollins.
  • Martin, M. (1993). The Case Against Christianity, Temple University Press.
  • Olson, K. (2013). “A Eusebian Reading of the Testimonium Flavianum”, Eusebius of Caesarea: Tradition and Innovations, ed. Aaron Johnson- Jeremy Scott, Harvard University Press, ss. 97-114.
  • Origenes. (1885). “Contra Celsum”, Ante Nicene Fathers, C. 4. ed. Philip Schaff.
  • Pagels, E. (1989). The Gnostic Gospels, Vintage: New York.
  • Parkes, J. (1964). The Conflict of Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Antisemitism, New York.
  • Pick, B. (1910a). “The Followers of Jesus in the Talmud”, Monist, 20.
  • _____ (1910b). “The Personality of Jesus in the Talmud”, Monist, 20, 1910.
  • Powell, M. A. (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee, Louisville: Westminster: John Knox.
  • Pritz, R. A. (1988). Nazarene Jewish Christianity: From the End of the New Testament Period Until Its Disappearance in the Fourth Century, Brill: Jerusalem-Leiden.
  • Riesner, R. (1991). “Jesus As Preacher and Teacher”, Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition, ed. Henry Wansbrough, Sheffield.
  • Rubenstein, J. L. (2002). Rabbinic Stories, Paulist Press: New Jersey.
  • Schafer, P. (2007). Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton University Press.
  • Schonfield, H. (1937). According to the Hebrews. A New Translation of the Jewish Life of Jesus, the Toldoth Jeshu, with an Inquiry Into the Nature of Its Sources and Special Relationship to the Lost Gospel According to the Hebrews, London.
  • Stanton, G. N. (1989). The Gospels and Jesus, Oxford University Press.
  • Strack, H. L. (1931). Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, 5. Almanca basımın İngilizce trc, Philadelphia.
  • Thomas, D.–Mallett, A. (ed.) (2013).Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Brill: Leiden-Boston.
  • Toprak, M. S. (2012). Talmud ve Hadis: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma, Kabalcı Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Unterman, I. (1971). The Talmud: An Analytical Guide to its History and Teachings, New York: Bloch Publishing Company.
  • Varner, W. (2013). “On the Trail of Trypho: Two Fragmentary Jewish-Christian Dialogues From the Ancient Churches”, Christian Origins and Hellenistic Judaism: Social and Literary Context for the New Testament, ed. Stanley E. Porter & Andrew W. Pitts, Brill: Leiden-Boston.
  • Wells, G. A. (1986). Did Jesus Exist?, London: Pemberton.
  • _____ (1996). The Jesus Legend, Open Court.