FOTOVOLTAİK MODÜLLERİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİNDE YAŞANAN İKARUS SENDROMU

Bu çalışmada, fosile dayalı enerji kaynaklarının tüketiminin azaltılmasında önemli bir role sahip olan fotovoltaik (FV) sistemler, sürdürülebilirlik kapsamında incelenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından elektrik üretiminde kullanılan teknolojiler arasında önemli bir paya sahip olan FV sistemler, görünür gelecekte ekonomik ömürlerini tamamladıklarında çevresel ve ekonomik sonuçlara sebep olacaktır. FV modüller ortalama 25-30 senelik ömür süresi boyunca temiz enerji üretimine katkı sağlarken dünyamız için oluşturacağı potansiyel tehlikeleri de bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Yakın gelecekte daha yoğun bir şekilde karşımıza çıkacak olan FV modül atıklarla ilgili üreticilerin, kullanıcıların, devletlerin ve araştırmacıların daha hızlı bir şekilde sorumluluk alması ve eylem planlarının hayata geçirilebilmesi için FV modüllerin geri dönüştürülerek çeşitli endüstriyel alanlara yeniden kazandırılması ve gerekli girişimlerin politikalarla desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde, FV modüllerde yer alan kritik minerallerin hammadde kaynaklarının tükenmesi tehlikesi artarken, geri dönüşümü yapılmadan çevreye bırakılan FV modüller çevresel tehditler oluşturmaya devam edecektir. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 2050 yılına kadar sahip olacağı FV sistem kurulu güçleri ve oluşacak FV modül atık miktarları on yıllık periyotlarla değerlendirilmiştir. Kurulu güç tahminleri için aylık ve yıllık artışlar ayrı ayrı göz önüne alınarak, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB) tarafından yayınlanan verilerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Atık potansiyeli tahminleri, ekonomik ömür sonu ve erken dönem atıkları olarak ele alınmıştır. Toplam atık potansiyeli, Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı (IEA) ve Uluslararası Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajansı (IRENA) tarafından yayınlanan gelecek projeksiyonlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlarda, FV kurulu güç tahminlerinin ETKB tahminleri ile benzerlik gösterdiği, atık potansiyelinin IEA ve IRENA’nın ülkemiz için hazırladığı projeksiyonların yaklaşık üç katı büyüklüğünde olacağı görülmektedir. Buna göre, FV modüller geri dönüştürülmediği takdirde, çevresel atık potansiyelinin 2050 yılında 1 milyon 706 bin 159 tona ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

FV geri dönüşümü; FV atık; kristal silisyum, kritik mineraller; kurulu güç, yenilenebilir enerji

ICARUS SYNDROME IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

In this study, photovoltaic (PV) systems, which have a key role in reducing the consumption of fossil-based energy resources, are analyzed within the scope of sustainability. PV systems, which have an important share among renewable energy sources, will cause environmental and economic consequences at the end of their economic life. While PV modules contribute to clean energy production for an average lifetime of 25-30 years, they also contain potential dangers for our world. Producers, consumers, governments, and researchers related to PV module wastes, which will be encountered more intensively in the near future, should take responsibility more quickly and initiatives on this issue should be supported by policies. In this study, the PV system installed capacity and the amount of PV module waste that will be generated in Turkey until 2050 are evaluated in ten-year periods. Monthly and annual increases are considered separately for the installed capacity estimates and compared with the data published by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). Waste potential estimates are considered as end-of-economic life and early waste. The total waste potential is evaluated according to future projections published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The results show that the PV installed capacity estimates are close to the ETKB estimates, and the waste potential will be approximately three times the size of the projections prepared by IEA and IRENA for Turkey. Accordingly, PV module waste potential is estimated to reach 1 million 706 thousand 159 tons in 2050.

Keywords:

PV recycle; PV waste; crystalline silicon; critical minerals; ınstalled power, renewable energy,

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