Examination of self-selection bias and big $N^{1}$ audit fee premiums-evidence from norway2

Firth (1997) denetçi ücretinin belirlenmesi modeline, büyük denetçi belirleyici değişkeninieklemek suretiyle Big N denetçi ücreti primlerini incelemektedir. Ancak bu kukla değişken içselolabilmekte ve kişisel seçim hatalarına yol açabilmektedir. Çünkü müşteriler Big N ve Big N olmayandenetçiler arasında tesadüfi olarak tahsis edilmiş olmayabilmektedir (Ireland and Lennox 2002;Chaney et al. 2004). Bu çalışmada, öncelikle denetçi ücretinin belirlenmesi modelinde en küçükkareler yöntemi uygulanmaktadır ve Big N denetçi ücret primleri yıllar boyunca tanımlanmaktadır.Kişisel seçim hatalarını incelemek için, Heckman modeli ve düzeltme etkisi modeli uygulanmıştır.Sonuçlar Norveç denetim piyasasında yıllar arasındaki Big N denetçi ücreti primlerini göstermektedir.

Prior study (Firth 1997) examines Big N audit fee premiums by adding a big auditor indicator variable in the audit fee determination model. But this dummy variable may be endogenousand cause self-selection bias because clients may not be randomly assigned across Big N and non-BigN auditors (Ireland and Lennox 2002; Chaney et al. 2004). In this paper we first run the ordinaryleast square (OLS) regression of the audit fee determination model, and Big N audit fee premiums areidentified across years. To examine self-selection bias, we employ a Heckman model and a treatmenteffects model, estimated by both two-step and full maximum likelihood approaches. Results show BigN audit fee premiums across years for Norwegian audit market.

___

  • Balachandran, B. - Ramakrishnan, R. (1987), ‘A Theory of Audit Partnerships: Audit Firm Size and Fees’, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 25, No.1, p.111-26.
  • Beattie, V.- Goodacre, A.- Pratt, K. & Stevenson, J. (2001), ‘The Determinants of Audit Fees- Evidence from the Voluntary Sector’, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, p. 243-74.
  • Herman, B. J. (2002), ‘Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Heckman's Sample Selection Model’, Working Paper.
  • Chan, P.- Ezzamel, M. - Gwilliam, D. (1993), ‘Determinants of Audit Fees for Quoted UK Companies’, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 765-86.
  • Chaney P.- Jeter, D. - Shivakumar, L. (2004), ‘Self-Selection of Auditors and Audit Pricing in Private Firms’, The Accounting Review, Vol. 79, No. 1, p. 51-72.
  • Chung, D. - Lindsay, W. (1988), ‘The Pricing of Audit Services: The Canadian Perspective.’ Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 5, Fall, p. 19-46.
  • DeAngelo, L. (1981), ‘Auditor Size and Audit Quality’, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 183-99.
  • Firth, M. (1985), ‘An Analysis of Audit Fees and Their Determinants in New Zealand’, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 4, Spring, p. 23-37.
  • Firth, M. (1997), ‘The Provision of Non-audit Services and the Pricing of Audit Fees’, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 24, No. 3 & 4, p. 511-25.
  • Francis, J. R. (1984), ‘The Effect of Audit Firm Size on Audit Prices’. Journal of Accounting & Economics 6, Vol. 84, No. 6, August, p.133-151
  • Francis, J. - Simon, D. (1987), ‘A Test of Audit Pricing in the Small-Client Segment of the U.S. Audit Market’, The Accounting Review, Vol. 62, No.1, p. 145-57.
  • Francis, J. - Stokes, D. (1986), ‘Audit Prices, Product Differentiation and Scale Economies: Further Evidence from the Australian Market’. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 1986, p.383-393
  • Francis, J. - Wilson, E. (1988), ‘Auditor Changes: A Joint Test of Theories Relating to Agency Cost and Auditor Differentiation’, The Accounting Review. Vol. 63, No. 4, p. 663-82.
  • Ferguson, A. - Strokes, D. (2002), ‘Brand Name Audit Pricing, Industry Specialization, and Leadership Premiums Post-Big 8 and Big 6 Mergers’, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 19, Spring, p. 77-110.
  • Greene, W. H., Econometric Analysis, 5 th International Edition, Prentice Hall Heckman, J. J., (1979), Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error, Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 1, p. 153-62.
  • Ireland, Jen C. - Lennox, C. S. (2002), ‘The Large Audit Firms Fee Premium: A Case of Selectivity Bias?’, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Vol.17, No. 1, p. 73- 91.
  • Johnson, N. - Kotz, S. (1970), ‘Continuous Univariate Distribution-1’, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • Johnson, W. B. - Lys, T. (1990), ‘The Market for Audit Services, Evidence from Voluntary Auditor Changes’, Journal of Accounting & Economics, Vol.12, No. 1-3, p. 281-308.
  • Klein B.- Crowford, R., - Alchian, A. (1978), ‘Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and The Competitive Contracting Process’, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 297-326.
  • Lee, L. (1979), ‘Identification and estimation in binary choice models with limited (censored) dependent variables’, Econometrica, Vol. 47, July, p. 977-96. Lee, L. (1982), ‘Some Approaches to the Correction of Selectivity Bias’, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 49, No.2, p. 355-72.
  • Lee, D. S. (1996), ‘Auditor Market Share, Product Differentiation and Audit Fees’, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, p. 315-324.
  • Maddala, G. S. (1983), ‘Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics’, Cambridge University Press.
  • Menon, K. - Williams, D. (2001), ‘Long-Term Trends in Audit Fees’, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, Vol. 20, No.1.
  • Palmrose, Z. (1986a), ‘Audit Fees and Auditor Size: Further Evidence’, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 97-110.
  • Pong, C. M. - Whittington, G. (1994), ‘The Determinants of Audit Fees: Some Empirical Models’, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 21, No. 8, p. 1071-95.
  • Rubin, M. A., (1988), Municipal Audit Fee Determinants. The Accounting Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, p. 219-236.
  • Simon, D. T. - Francis, J.R., (1988), ‘The Effect of Auditor Change on Audit Fees: Test of Price Cutting and Price Recovery’, The Accounting Review, Vol. 63, April, p. 255- 269.
  • Simunic, D. A. (1980), ‘The Pricing of Audit Services: Theory and Evidence’, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 18, No.1, p. 161-90.
  • Titman, S. - Trueman, B. (1986), ‘Information Quality and the Value of New Issues’, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 159-72.
  • Tonge, D. S. - Wooton, W. C. (1991), ‘Auditor Concentration and Competition among the Large Public Accounting Firms: Post-Merger Status and Future Implications’, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 157-72.
  • Willekens, M. - Achmadi, C. (2003), ‘Pricing and Supplier Concentration in the Private Client Segment of the Audit Market: Market Power or Competition?’ The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 38, p. 431-55.
  • Wootton, W. C.- Tonge, D. S. - Wolk, M. W. (1994), ‘Pre and Post Big 8 Mergers: Comparison of Auditor Concentration’, Accounting Horizons, Vol.8, No.3, p. 58-74.