Ahmet AYSU, Miraç Fatih İLGÜN, Gökhan ÇOBANOĞULLARI

Hizmet Türleri İtibarıyla Kamu Harcamalarının Hava Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: AB Ülkelerine Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi

Bu çalışmanın amacı kamu harcamalarının tüketim kaynaklı hava kirliliği üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Kamu harcamalarının hava kirliliği üzerindeki etkileri, kamu harcamalarının fonksiyonel sınıflandırması çerçevesinde, 30 ülkede (27 AB ülkesi ve Birleşik Krallık, Norveç ve İsviçre) 1995-2017 dönemi için dinamik panel veri analiz yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, kişi başına düşen toplam kamu harcamalarının $CO_2$ emisyonu üzerindeki etkisinin negatif ve anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Kamu harcamalarının fonksiyonel sınıflandırması açısından elde edilen sonuçlar ise, ekonomik hizmetlere yönelik harcamalar, eğitim harcamaları ve sosyal koruma harcamalarının hava kirliliğini azalttığı ve çevresel kaliteyi arttırdığı, sağlık harcamaları, çevre koruma harcamaları ve genel hizmet harcamalarının ise anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir

The Effect of Government Expenditures on Air Quality by Functional Classification: A Panel Data Analysis for EU Countries

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of government expenditures on air pollution. We have studied the effect of government expenditures on air pollution within the framework of functional classifications of governmental expenditure, for 30 countries (27 EU countries and the United Kingdom, Norway and Switzerland) over the period 1995-2017. The analysis results indicate that per capita total public expenditure has a significantly negative impact on $CO_2$ emissions. With regard to functional classification of government expenditures, the results show that the expenditures for economic services, education expenditures and social protection expenditures reduce air pollution and increase environmental quality. On the other hand, health expenditures, environmental protection expenditures and general service expenditures have no significant effect on air pollution.

PDF

___

Abrams, B.A. (1999), “The Effect of Government Size on the Unemployment Rate”, Public Choice, 99 (3-4), 395-401.

Adewuyi, A.O. (2016), “Effects of Public and Private Expenditures on Environmental Pollution: A Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 489-506.

Altemeyer-Bartscher, M., Rübbelke, D.T. ve Sheshinski, E. (2010), “Environmental Protection and the Private Provision of International Public Goods”, Economica, 77(308), 775-784.

Antweiler, W., Copeland, B.R. ve Taylor, M.S. (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?”, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.

Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.

Arellano, M. ve Bover, O. (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics. 68(1), 29-51.

Aysu, A. ve Dökmen, G. (2011), “An Investigation on the Relationship between Government Size and Unemployment Rate: Evidence from OECD Countries”, Sosyo Ekonomi, (2), 180-190.

Bakırtaş, D. ve Aysu, A. (2017), “Talep Yönlü İnovasyon Politikaları Çerçevesinde Kamu Alımları: Teori ve Uygulama Örnekleri”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 50(2), 143-189.

Baltagi, B. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3. Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Barro, R.J. (1990), “Government Spending in A Simple Model of Endogeneous Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5, Part 2), 103-125.

Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V. (2006), “States as Providers of Public Goods: How Does Government Size Affect Environmental Quality?”, CIS Working Paper, No:14,

Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V. (2013), “Are Bigger Governments Better Providers of Public Goods? Evidence from Air Pollution”, Public Choice, 156 (3-4), 593-609.

Blundell, R. ve Bond, S. (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143

Brajer, V., Mead, R.W. ve Xiao, F. (2011), “Searching for an Environmental Kuznets Curve in China’s Air Pollution”, China Economic Review, 22 (3), 383-397

Cole, M.A. (2004), “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48(1), 71-81.

Congleton, R.D. (1992), “Political Institutions and Pollution Control”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74 (3), 412-421.

Coyne, C.J. ve Hall, A.R. (2014), “Perfecting Tyranny: Foreign Intervention as Experimentation in State Control”, The Independent Review, 19(2), 165-189.

Daly, H. (1991), “Towards an Environmental Macroeconomics”, Land Economics, 67(2), 255-259.

Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.

Doornik, J.A. ve Hendry, D.F. (2001), Econometric Modelling Using PcGive 10, III. Timberlake Consultants Ltd., London.

Dura, C. (1985), “Çevre Sorunları ve Ekonomi”, http://www.cihandura.com/tr/makale/cevre-sorunlari-ve-ekonom (Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2020)

EC (2020), Green Public Procurement, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ gpp/index_en.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2020)

Eurostat (2020), Government Revenue, Expenditure and Main Aggregates, https://appsso. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=gov_10a_main&lang=en (Erişim Tarihi: 01. 08.2020)

Frankel, J.A. ve Rose, A.K. (2005), “Is Trade Good or Bad for the Environment? Sorting Out the Causality”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(1), 85-91.

Frederik, C. ve Lundström, S. (2001), “Political and Economic Freedom and the Environment: The Case of CO2 Emissions”, Working Paper in Economics, 29, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.

Galinato, G.I. ve Islam, A. (2017), “The Challenge of Addressing Consumption Pollutants with Fiscal Policy”, Environment and Development Economics, 22(5), 624-647.

Garrett, T.A. ve Rhine, R.M. (2006), “On the Size and Growth of Government”, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 88, January/February.

Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1995), “Economic Growth and The Environment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.

Gupta, S., Miranda, K. ve Parry, I. (1995), “Public Expenditure Policy and the Environment: A Review and Synthesis”, World Development, 23(3), 515-528.

Halkos, G.E. ve Paizanos, E.Α. (2013), “The Effect of Government Expenditure on the Environment: An Empirical Investigation”, Ecological Economics, 91, 48-56.

Halkos, G.E. ve Paizanos, E.A. (2017), “The Channels of the Effect of Government Expenditure on The Environment: Evidence Using Dynamic Panel Data”, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 60(1), 135-157.

Hansen, L.P. (1982), “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators”, Econometrica, 50(4), 1029-1054.

He, L., Yin F., Zhong Z. ve Ding Z. (2017), “The Impact of Local Government Investment on The Carbon Emissions Reduction Effect: An Empirical Analysis of Panel Data From 30 Provinces and Municipalities in China”, PLOS ONE, 12(7), 1-20,

He, L., Wu, M., Wang, D. ve Zhong, Z. (2018), “A Study of The Influence of Regional Environmental Expenditure on Air Quality in China: The Effectiveness of Environmental Policy”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7454-7468.

He, Q. (2015), “Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Chinese Panel Data”, China Economic Review, 36, 86-100.

Heyes, A. (2000), “A Proposal for the Greening of Textbook Macro: ‘ISLM-EE’, Ecological Economics, 32, 1-7.

Hua, Y., Rui, X. ve Yaqin S. (2018), “Fiscal Spending and Air Pollution in Chinese Cities: Identifying Composition and Technique Effects”, China Economic Review, 47, 156-169.

Islam, A.M. ve López, R.E. (2015), “Government Spending and Air Pollution in the US”, International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics”, 8(2), 139-189.

İlgün, M.F. (2015), “Kamu Sosyal Harcamalarının Gelir Dağılımı Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkelerine Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(4), 493-516.

Kaplow, L. (2006), “Public Goods and the Distribution of Income”, European Economic Review, 50(7), 1627-1660.

Kar, M. ve Taban, S. (2003), “Kamu Harcama Çeşitlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(3), 145-169.

Lin, S.A. (1994), “Government Spending and Economic Growth”, Applied Economics, 26(1), 83-94.

López, R.E. ve Palacios, A. (2010), “Have Government Spending and Energy Tax Policies Contributed to Make Europe Environmentally Cleaner?”, Working Papers, 94795, University of Maryland, Maryland.

López, R. ve Palacios, A. (2014), “Why Has Europe Become Environmentally Cleaner? Decomposing the Roles of Fiscal, Trade and Environmental Policies”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 58(1), 91-108.

López, R., Galinato, G.I. ve Islam, A. (2011), “Fiscal Spending and the Environment: Theory and Empirics”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 62(2), 180-198.

McConnell, K.E. (1997), “Income and the Demand for Environmental Quality”, Environment and Development Economics 2, 383-399.

Mutlu, A. (2006), “Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre Kirlenmesi: Üretim, Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları”, 21. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu 10-14 Mayıs, Antalya, http://maliyesempozyumu.org/wp-content/uploads /2016/11/MaliyeSempozyumu_21.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020)

Olson, M. (1993), “Dictatorship, Democracy and Development,” American Political Science Review, 87(3), 567-576.

Petrovic, P. ve Lobanov, M.M. (2020), “The Impact of R&D Expenditures on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Sixteen OECD Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119187 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2020)

Sim, N.C.S. (2006), “Environmental Keynesian Macroeconomics: Some Further Discussion”, Ecological Economics, 59, 401-405.

Stern, D.I. (2004), “The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439.

Susam, N. (2008), “Kamu Maliyesinde Sınır Ötesi Bir Kavram: Küresel Kamusal Mallar”, Erzincan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1- 2), 277-303.

Tanzi, V. ve Schuknecht, L. (2000), Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Theeuwes, J. (1991), Regulation or Taxation, D.J. Kraan and R.J. in’t Veld (Ed.), Environmental Protection: Public or Private Choice içinde (51- 69), Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publish.

Windmeijer, F. (2005), “A Finite Sample Correction for the Variance of Linear Efficient Two-Step GMM Estimators”, Journal of Econometrics, 126(1), 25-51.

Xie, X. ve Wang, Y. (2019), “Evaluating the Efficacy of Government Spending on Air Pollution Control: A Case Study from Beijing”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 45.

Yazdi, S.K. ve Khanalizadeh, B. (2017), “Air Pollution, Economic Growth and Health Care Expenditure”, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30(1), 1181-1190.

Zaidi, S. ve Saidi, K. (2018), “Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth and in The Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.

Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Ding, Z. ve Hao, Y. (2017), “Does Government Expenditure Affect Environmental Quality? Empirical Evidence Using Chinese City-Level Data”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 143-152.