Örgütsel Değişime Hazır Olma Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Değişime hazır olma kavramı literatürde kapsamlı olarak çalışılmaktadır ve bu kavrama yönelik akademik ilgi her geçen gün artmaya devam etmektedir. Benzer şekilde, Türk araştırmacılar değişime hazır olma kavramını Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından uygulanmakta olan değişim önerilerini incelemede sıklıkla kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Örgütsel Değişime Hazır Olma (ÖDHO) ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasıdır. Araştırmaya, Türkiye’nin faklı illerindeki okul öncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise türlerindeki okullarda görev yapan 335 öğretmen katılmıştır. Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan ÖDHO ölçeğinin yapı geçerliğini incelemek amacıyla Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonuçlarına göre, dört-faktörlü ÖDHO ölçeği ilgili veride iyi uyum göstermiştir. İç tutarlılık değerleri açısından ise, ÖDHO ölçeğine ilişkin Cronbach alfa değerleri .69 ve .89 arasındadır. İlgili sonuçlar, Türkçe’ye uyarlanan ÖDHO ölçeğinin öğretmenlerin değişime hazır olma durumunu ölçme açısından geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.
Readiness for Organizational Change Scale: Validity and Reliability Study
Readiness for organizational change has been extensively studied in the extant literature over the past years, and scholarly attention towards it continues to increase. Turkish researchers also utilizereadiness for organizational change concept to examine the change practices enacted by Ministry of National Education. The purpose of this study is to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of Readiness for Organizational Change (RFOC) scale into Turkish education setting. The participants of the current study included 335 teachers employed at K-12 public schools located in differentprovinces of Turkey. To test the construct validity of Turkish-adapted RFOC scale, ConfirmatoryFactor Analysis (CFA) was performed. The results of CFA revealed that four-factor RFOC model rovided good fit with the data. The internal consistency estimates of RFOC in terms of Cronbach Alpha ranged between .69 and .89. The reported estimates indicated that Turkish form of RFOC scale can be regarded as a reliable and valid instrument to measure change-readiness level of school teachers in Turkish context.
___
- Aksit, N. (2007). Educational reform in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(2), 129-137. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.07.011
- Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos (Version 18.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
- Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681-703. doi:10.1177/001872679304600601
- Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: A review
of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293-315.
doi:10.1177/014920639902500303
- Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2009). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and tech-
niques in structural equation modeling (pp. 269-296). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Inc.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Beer, M., & Nohria, N. (2000). Cracking the code of change. Harvard Business Review,
78(3), 133–141.
- Bernerth, J. (2004). Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human Resource Development Review, 3(1), 36-52. doi:10.1177/1534484303261230.
- Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., & Rubin, R. S. (2005). Changing attitudes about change: Longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism
about organizational change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 733-753.
doi:10.1002/job.342
- Bouckenooghe, D., & Devos, G. (2007). Psychological change climate as a catalyst of readiness for change: A dominance analysis (Report No. 07/483). Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium.
- Bouckenooghe, D. (2009). What is crucial in developing a positive attitude toward change?
The role of content, context, process and individual variables in understanding readiness
for change. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Bouckenooghe, D. (2010). Positioning change recipients’ attitudes toward change in the
organizational change literature. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 46(4),
500-531. doi:10.1177/0021886310367944
- Bozbayındır, F., & Alev, S. (2018). Öğretmenlerin öz yeterlilik, proaktif kişilik ve değişime
açıklık algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi, 19(2), 293-311.
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A.
Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
- Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications,
and programming (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Caliskan, O. (2011). Investigation of the relationship between teachers’ readiness for organizational change and resilience (Unpublished master thesis). Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Caliskan, O. (2017). Experimental exploration of attitude change: A path model of cognitive
dissonance, resilience, and readiness for organizational change among prospective teachers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkey.
- Caliskan, S., & Isik, I. (2016). Are you ready for the global change? Multicultural personality and readiness for organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change
Management, 29(3), 404-423. doi:10.1108/JOCM-07-2015-0119
- Cartwright, S., & Schoenberg, R. (2006). Thirty years of mergers and acquisitions r e search: Recent advances and future opportunities. British Journal of Management,
17(1), 1–5.
- Choi, M., & Ruona, W. E. (2011). Individual readiness for organizational change and
its implications for human resource and organization development. Human Resource
Development Review, 10(1), 46-73.
- Clarke, J., Ellett, C., Bateman, J., & Rugutt, J. (1996, November). Faculty receptivity/resistance to change, personal and organizational efficacy, decision deprivation and effectiveness in research I universities. Paper presented at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of
the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Memphis, TN.
- Clegg, C., & Walsh, S. (2004). Change management: Time for change! European Journal of
Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 217–239. doi:10.1080/13594320444000074
- Cole, M. S., Harris, S. G., & Bernerth, J. B. (2006). Exploring the implications of vision,
appropriateness, and execution of organizational change. Leadership & Organization
Development Journal, 27(5), 352-367.
- Cuban, L. (1990). Reforming again, again, and again. Educational Researcher, 19(1), 3-13.
doi:10.3102/0013189X019001003
- Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioral correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 377-392. doi:10.1348/096317902321119637
- Çalık, T., & Er, E. (2014). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin okulun değişime açıklığı ile
değişim kapasitesi algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 20(2), 151-172.
- Demirtaş, H. (2012). İlköğretim okullarının değişime açıklığı. İlköğretim Online, 11(1), 18-34.
- Demir-Erdoğan, C. (2016). The mediating role of knowledge sharing on the relationship
between distributed leadership and readiness for change among public school teachers
(Unpublished master thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 269-314). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
- Hair, Jr. J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Hess, F. M. (2010). The same thing over and over. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education
Press.
- Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Feild, H. S. (2007a). Toward a comprehensive definition of readiness for change: A review of research and instrumentation. In
W. Pasmore & R. Woodman (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (Volume 16, pp. 289-336). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Holt, D. T., Armenakis A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007b) Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232–255
- Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In R. H.
- Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 158-
176). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Inc.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure
analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling:
A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
- Güven, İ. (2007). Recent initiatives in school effectiveness and improvement: The case
of Turkey. In T. Townsend (Ed.), International handbook of school effectiveness and
improvement (Vol. 17, pp. 363-378). Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New
York: The Guildford Press.
- Knodel, T. (2004). Preparing the organizational ‘soil’ for measurable and sustainable
change: business value management and project governance. Journal of Change Management, 4(1), 45-62.
- Kondakçı, Y., Zayim, M., & Çalışkan, Ö. (2013). Development and validation of readiness for change scale. İlköğretim Online, 12(1), 23-35.
- Kondakci, Y., Beycioglu, K., Sincar, M., & Ugurlu, C. T. (2017). Readiness of teachers for
change in schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 20(2), 176-197. do
i:10.1080/13603124.2015.1023361
- Kondakci, Y., Zayim-Kurtay, M., & Caliskan, O. (2019). Antecedents of continuous change in educational organizations. International Journal of Educational Management,
33(6), 1366-1380.
- Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2),
202-220.
- Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5-41.
doi:10.1177/001872674700100103
- Lewis, L. (2019). Organizational change: Creating change through strategic communication.
West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
- Lissitz, R. W., & Green, S. B. (1975). Effect of the number of scale points on reliability: A
Monte Carlo approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 10-13.
- Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
- McKay, K., Kuntz, J. R., & Näswall, K. (2013). The effect of affective commitment, communication and participation on resistance to change: The role of change readiness.
New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 29-40.
doi:http://www.psychology.org.nz/
wp-content/uploads/Full-Journal.pdf#page=28
- Meaney, M., & Pung, C. (2008). McKinsey global survey results: Creating organizational
transformations. The McKinsey Quarterly, August, 1-7. Retrieved from http://gsme.sharif.edu/~change/McKinsey%20Global%20
Survey%20Results.pdf
- Payne, C. M. (2008). So much reform, so little change: The persistence of failure in urban
schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
- Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. Academy of Management
Review, 25(4), 783-794. doi:10.5465/AMR.2000.3707722
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction,
and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. doi:
10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
- Rafferty, A. E., Jimmieson, N. L., & Armenakis, A. A. (2013). Change readiness: A multilevel review. Journal of Management, 39(1), 110-135.
- Rafferty, A. E., & Minbashian, A. (2018). Cognitive beliefs and positive emotions about
change: Relationships with employee change readiness and change-supportive behaviors. Human Relations, 72(10), 1623-1650.
- Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. The Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-
59. doi:10.5465/AME.1997.9707100659.
- Self, D. R. (2007). Organizational change – overcoming resistance by creating readiness.Development and Learning in Organizations, 21(5), 11-13. doi:10.1108/14777280710779427
- Self, D. R., & Schraeder, M. (2009). Enhancing the success of organizationalchange:
Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance. Leadership & Organization
Development Journal, 30(2), 167-182. doi:10.1108/01437730910935765
- Spiliotopoulou, G. (2009). Reliability reconsidered: Cronbach’s alpha and paediatric assessment in occupational therapy. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 56(3),
150-155.
- Stouten, J., Rousseau, D. M., & De Cremer, D. (2018). Successful organizational change:
Integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 752-788.
- Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2005). Big five personality traits as the distal predictors of road accident involvement. In G. Underwood (Ed.) Traffic and Transportation
Psychology (pp. 215-227). Oxford: United Kingdom.
- Sümer, N., & Sümer, H. C. (2002). Adaptation of BFI in a Turkish sample. Unpublished
manuscript. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th edition). Essex,
UK: Pearson Education.
- Toprak, M. (2018). Mismatch between teachers’ need for change and change in practice:
what if what they see is not what they want? International Journal of Leadership in
Education, 21(6), 669-689.
- Vakola, M., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change: What is
the role of employees’ stress and commitment? Employee Relations, 27(2), 160-174.
doi:10.1108/01425450510572685
- Vakola, M. (2014). What’s in there for me? Individual readiness to change and the perceived impact of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal,
35(3), 195–209. doi:10.1108/LODJ-05-2012-0064
- Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142. doi:
10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.132
- Washington, M., & Hacker, M. (2005). Why change fails: Knowledge counts. Leadership
& Organization Development Journal, 26, 400–411.
- Zayim, M., & Kondakci, Y. (2015). An exploration of the relationship between readiness
for change and organizational trust in Turkish public schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(4), 610-625.