Suç Korkusuna Teorik Bir Yaklaşım

Suç korkusu çalışmaları 1960’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkmıştır. Kriminoloji, sosyoloji ve psikoloji gibi disiplinlerde çalışılan önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bir toplumda yüksek suç oranlarını anlamak ve çözüme kavuşturmak için kullanılabilecek en iyi yöntemlerden biri de suç korkusudur. Suç korkusu genellikle, bireyin hangi suç türlerinden, hangi sebeplerle korktuğunu anlamak, bu konuda bulgulara ve gözlemlere dayalı çıkarımlar yapmak ve bu çıkarımları bir sonuca dönüştürmek amacıyla çalışılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, problemi tanımlamak için kullanılabilecek önemli bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada da suç korkusuna teorik yönden bir analiz yapılmaya çalışılmış ve yine teorik olarak farklı bakış açılarından yararlanılarak suç korkusu kavramı üzerine bir tanım yapılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, literatürde yer almış önemli çalışmalar analiz edilerek ortak bulgular bir araya getirilmiştir. Bu sayede, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve gelir düzeyi gibi çeşitli demografik özelliklerin bireylerin suç korkusu skorlarındaki etkilerine dair genel durumu gösteren bir çerçeve çizilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, suç korku skoru yüksek olan bireylerde ve toplumlarda hangi durumların meydana gelebileceğine dair de bir analiz yapılmıştır. Son olarak bireyin ve toplumların kendilerini mağdur olmaktan korurken yeni suç oluşmasına neden olabilecek ortamları nasıl oluşturduğuna dair döngüsel süreç gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır.

A Theoretical Approach to Fear of Crime

Fear of crime studies increased in the 1960s. It has become an important subject studied in disciplines such as criminology, sociology, and psychology. One of the best ways to understand and solve the high crime rates in a society is the fear of crime. Fear of crime is studied to understand what types of crime the individual fears and for what reason. Hence, it is an important method that can be used to identify the problem. In this study, it has been tried to make a theoretical analysis of fear of crime. With the theoretical study, a definition of fear of crime has been made from different perspectives. In addition, important studies in the literature were analyzed and common findings were brought together. In this way, it was desired to take a picture of the effects of various demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level and income level on individuals' fear of crime scores. In addition, an analysis was made about what can happen in individuals and societies with high fear of crime scores. It has been tried to show the cyclical process of how individuals and societies create environments that can lead to new crime while protecting themselves from being victimized.

___

  • Amerio, P., & Roccato, M. (2005). A predictive model for psychological reactions to crime in Italy: an analysis of fear of crime and concern about crime as a social problem. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 17- 28.
  • Andre, C. (2019). Korkunun Psikolojisi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Apak, S.; Ülken, G. and Ünlü, A., (2002), Yeni bir toplu konut yerleşmesinde güvenlik duygusunun değerlendirilmesi, İTÜDergisi, 1(1), 65-72.
  • Beaulieu, M., Micheline, D., Bergeron, C., & Cousineau, M. (2007). Are elderly men worried about crime? Journal of Aging Studies, 21, 336-346.
  • Bennett, R.R., & Flavin, M.J. (1994). Determinants of fear of crime: the effect of cultural setting. Justice Quarterly, 11(3), 357-381.
  • Bookchin, M. (2015). Özgürlüğün ekolojisi hiyerarşinin ortaya çıkışı ve çözülüşü. İstanbul: Sümer Yayıncılık.
  • Box, S., Hale, C., & Andrews, G. (1988). Explaining fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 28(3), 340-356.
  • Braungart, M.M., Braungart, R.G., & Hoyer, R.G. (1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13(1), 55-66.
  • Callanan, J.Va., & Teasdale, B. (2009). An exploration of gender differences in measurement of fear of crime. Feminist Criminology, 4(4), 359-376.
  • Chiricos, T., Eschholz, S., & Gertz, M. (1997). News and fear of crime: toward an identification of audience effects. Social Problems, 44(3), 342-357.
  • Clemente, F., & Kleiman, B.M. (1976). Fear of crime among the aged. The Gerontologist, 16(3), 207-210.
  • Clemente, F., & Kleiman, B.M. (1977). Fear of crime in the united states: a multivariate analysis. Social Forces, 56(2), 519-531.
  • Çolaklar, I., & Solak, N. (2017). Suç korkusu: tanım, ölçüm ve belirleyiciler, nesne. Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(10), 311-328.
  • Demirbaş, M. (2023). Türkiye’de suç korkusunun analizi: türkiye cumhuriyeti vatandaşları ve suriyeliler arasında suç korkusu. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Doran, J.B. & Burgess, B.M. (2012). Putting fear of crime on the map. New York: Springer.
  • Ferraro, F.K. (1996). Women’s fear of victimization: shadow of sexual assualt? Socail Forces, 75(2), 667-690.
  • Franklin, A.C. & Franklin, W.T. (2008). Predicting fear of crime considering differences across gender. Feminist Criminology, 4(1), 83-106.
  • Furstenberg, F. F. (1971). Public reaction to crime in the streets. The American Scholar, 40(4), 601-610.
  • Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16(80), 80-97.
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law, and Criminology, 72(2), 839-857.
  • Groof, D.S. (2008). And my mama said: the (relative) parental influence on fear of crime among adolescent girls and boys. Youth and Society, 39(3), 267-293.
  • Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4(2), 79-150.
  • Hale, C., Pack, P., & Salked, J. (1994). The structural determinants of fear of crime: an analysis using census and crime survey data from england and wales. International Review of Victimology, 3(3), 211-233.
  • Heath, L., & Petraitis, J. (1987). Television viewing and fear of crime: where is the mean world? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8(1-2), 97-123.
  • Hennen, R.J., & Knudten, D.R. (2001). A lifestyle analysis of the elderly: perceptions of risk, fear, and vulnerability, illness. Crisis & Loss, 9(2), 190-208.
  • Hobbes, T. (2018). Leviathan. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jackson, J. (2009). A pyschological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Pychology, Crime and Law, 15(4), 1-25.
  • Karasu, M.A. (2018). Suç korkusu, göç ve suriyeli sığınmacılar: Şanlıurfa örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 1(3), 332-347.
  • Katz, M.C., Webb, J.V. & Armstrong, A.T. (2006). Fear of gangs: a test of alternative theoretical models. Justice Quarterly, 20(1) 95-130.
  • Kavsıracı, O. (2022). Suç, Şiddet ve İnsan Hakları Kavramı Çerçevesinde Kadın ve Güvenlik. F.G.Ç. Can (Eds), Kadın ve Toplum Değişen Roller, İlişkiler ve Sonuçlar (pp. 297-316). Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Keown, L. (2001). Perceived risk of victimization: a Canadian perspective. [Master dissertation, The University of Calgary].
  • Killias, M., & Clerici, C. (2000). Different measure of vulnerability in their relation to different dimensions of fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 437-450.
  • Killias, M. (1990). Vulnerability: towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 97-108.
  • Kul, M. (2012). Suçtan daha büyük suç korkusu. Ankara: YeniYüzyıl Yayınları.
  • Lauer, J. (2005). Driven to extremes: fear of crime and the rise of the sport utility vehicle in the United States. Crime, Media, Culture, 1(1), 149-168.
  • Lindesay, J. (1997). Phobic disorders and fear of crime in the elderly. Aging and Mental Health, 1(1), 81-85.
  • Lindquist, H.J., & Duke, M.J. (1982). The elderly victim at risk explaining the fear-victimization paradox. Criminology, 20(1), 115-126.
  • Liska, E.A., Lawrence, J.J., & Sanchirico, A. (1982). Fear of crime as a social fact. Social Forces, 60(3), 760-770.
  • Liska, E.A., & Baccaglini, W. (1990). Feeling safe by comparison: crime in the newspapers. Social Problems, 37(3), 360-374.
  • Liska, E.A., Sanchirico, A. & Reed, D.M. (1988). Fear of crime and constrained behavior specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model. Social Forces, 66(3), 827-837.
  • Mannoni, P. (1992). Korku. Ankara: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mawby, R.I., Brunt, P., & Hambly, Z. (2000). Fear of crime among British holidaymakers. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 468-479.
  • MaxField, G.M. (1987). Lifestyle and routine activity theories of crime: empirical studies of victimization, delinquency, and offender decision-making. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(4), 275-282.
  • McLaughlin, E., & Muncie, J. (2001). The sage dictionary of criminology. London: SAGE.
  • Miethe, T. (1995). Fear and withdrawal from urban life. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 14-27.
  • Mireku, A.S. (2002). Fear of crime among residents of three communities in accra ghana. IJCS, 43(2), 153-168.
  • Nasi, M., Tanskanen, M., Kivivuori, J., Haara, P., & Reunanen, E. (2020). Crime news consumption and fear of violence: the role of traditional media, social media, and alternative information sources. Crime & Delinquency, 67(4).
  • Otis, D.M. (2007). Perceptions of victimization risk and fear among lesbians and gay men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(1), 198–217.
  • Özcan, N. (1994). Şiddete dayalı olmayan sapmış davranışlar ve aile kurumu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1-2), 149-158.
  • Öztürk, M. (2015). Sosyolojik açıdan suç korkusu ve yaşam memnuniyeti: Mersin ili örneği. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora T., Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Öztürk, M. (2015a). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 36, 251-263.
  • Pain, R. (2001). Gender, race, age and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38(5-6), 899-913.
  • Painter, K. (1996). The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35(2-3), 193-201.
  • Pantazis, C. (2000). Fear of crime, vulnerability and poverty. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 414-436.
  • Rountree, P.W. (1996). A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage. Journal of Research In Crime and Delinquency, 35(3), 341-371.
  • Sipahi, E.B. (2016). Türkiye’de kent sakinlerinin suç korkuları üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(43), 2158-2169.
  • Skogan, G.W. (1987). The impact of victimization on fear. Crime & Delinquency, 33(1), 135-154.
  • Skogan, W. (1978). The fear of crime among the elderly. ABD: U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Smith, C. (2019). Personal experiences with violence, fear of crime, and mental health outcomes for adolescents in Chicago. [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Oklahoma].
  • Solak, Ö. (2015). Gündelik hayat sosyolojisi açısından suç ve suç korkusu. A. Solak & Ö. Solak (eds), Gündelik hayat sosyolojisi açısından suç ve suç korkusu. Sakarya: HEGEM Yayınları.
  • Stafford, M., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2007). Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2076-2081.
  • Stanko, A.E. (1995). Women, crime, and fear. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 46-58.
  • Sutton, M.R., Robinson, B., & Farrall, D.S. (2011). Gender, fear of crime, and self-presentation: an experimental investigation. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17(5), 421-433.
  • Şenol, D., & Gülver, Ö. (2020). Suçun sosyal psikolojik maliyeti: suç korkusu ve suç korkusuna neden olan faktörler. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 25-41.
  • Tandoğan, O., & İlhan, B.Ş. (2016). Fear of crime in public space: from the view of women living in cities. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2011-2018.
  • Taylor, B.R., & Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law, and Criminology, 77(1), 151-189.
  • Warr, M., & Ellison, C.G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: personal and altruistic fear in family households. AJS, 106(3), 571-578.
  • Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4(4), 451-489.
  • Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, E.C. (2004). Breaking news: how local tv news and real-world conditions affect fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 21(3), 497-520.
  • Yin, P. (1980). Fear of crime among the elderly: some issues and suggestions. Social Problems, 27(4), 492-504.
  • Yin, P. (1982). Fear of crime as a problem for the elderly. Social Problems, 30(2), 240-245.