Farklı Yemleme Sistemlerinin Alman Alaca ve Saanen Keçilerinde Performans ve Süt Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi
Bu çalışmada 2 yemleme sisteminin (toplam karışım rasyon; TMR ve stratejik yemleme; SY) Alman Alaca ( n = 16) ve Saanen ( n = 16) ırkı sütçü keçilerde performans ve süt kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Keçi ırkları şansa bağlı olarak 2 alt gruba ayrılmış gruplardan biri TMR, diğeri SY sistemi ile beslenmiştir. Her iki yemleme sisteminde de kaba yem:konsantre yem oranı 60:40 olarak düzenlenmiştir. Kaba yem olarak buğday samanı (%25) ve yonca samanı (%75) kullanılmıştır. Stratejik yemleme sistemi uygulanan alt gruplarda kaba yem ad libutum verilmiş, konsantre yem ise sabah ve akşam eşit miktarlarda olmak üzere 800 g/keçi şeklinde verilmiştir. Araştırma 50 gün sürmüştür. Araştırma süresince canlı ağırlıklar sabah yemlemesinden önce belirlenmiştir. Süt verimleri haftalık olarak saptanmıştır. Süt kuru madde, yağ, protein, kazein, laktoz ve üre-N düzeylerini belirlemek için haftalık bireysel süt örnekleri alınmıştır. Süt verimi, canlı ağırlık, süt kuru madde, yağ, protein ve kazein konsantrasyonlarının yemleme sistemleri arasında benzer (P>0.05) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kaba yem ve kesif yemin ayrı ayrı verildiği SY yemleme sisteminin kuru madde tüketimini azalttığı (P
Effects of Different Feeding Systems on Performance and Milk Composition of German Fawn and Saanen Does
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two feedingsystems (total mixed ration; TMR vs. roughage and concentrateoffered separately; SF) on performance and milk composition ofGerman Fawn ( n= 16) and Saanen ( n= 16) dairy goats. Animals wererandomly allocated into 2 sub-groups and fed TMR or SF system.Roughage:concentrate ratio were arranged as 60:40 in TMR groups.Wheat straw (25%) and chopped alfalfa hay (75%) were used asroughage. Roughage was offered at ad libutum while concentratewas given in two equal meals (total 800 g/goat per day) in SF groups.The study was lasted 50 days. Live weights were recorded beforemorning feeding. Milk yields were recorded weekly. Individual milksamples were collected to determine total solids, fat, protein, casein,lactose, and urea-N. Feeding systems did not affect (P>0.05) milkyield, body weight, total solid, fat, protein, and caseinconcentrations. Separate access to roughage and concentratedecreased dry matter intake (P
___
- Agnew KW, Mayne CS, Doherty JG 1996. An
Examination of The Effect of Method and Level of
Concentrate Feeding on Milk Production in Dairy
Cows Offered A Grass Silage-Based Diet. Journal of
Animal Science, 63: 21-31.
- AOAC 1999. Official Method of Analysis, 16th edn.
Arlington, VA, USA. Association of Official Analytical
Chemists
- Archimede H, Sauvant D, Schimidely P 1995.
Quantitative Review of Ruminal and Total Tract
Digestion of Mixed Diet Organic Matter and
Carbohydrates. Reproduction Nutrition Development,
37: 173-189.
- Bach A, Iglesias C, Devant M 2007. Daily Rumen pH
Pattern of Loosehoused Dairy Cattle as Affected by
Feeding Pattern and Live Yeast Supplementation.
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 136: 146-153.
- Darcan N, Güney O 2002. Comparative Study on The
Performance of Crossbred Goats Under Cukurova
Subtropical Climate. Journal of Applied Animal
Research, 22: 61-64.
- DeVries TJ, von Keyserlingk MAG 2009. Feeding Methods
Affects The Feeding Behavior of Growing Dairy
Heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 1161-1168.
- Forbes JM 1983. Physiology of Regulation of Food Intake.
In: J.A.F. Rook and P.C. Thomas (Editors). Nutritional
Physiology of Farm Animals. Longman, USA.
- Fox DG, Sniffen CJ, O’connor JD, Russell JB, Van Soest
PJ 1990. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein
System for Evaluating Cattle Diets, No. 34. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station.
- Fukasawa M, Tsukada H, Kosako T 2005. Selective
Feeding Behaviour of Calves is Affected by Basal Diet.
Journal of Animal Science, 76: 171-177.
- Giger-Reverdin S, Sauvant D, Hervieu J 1987. Influence of
The Kind of Compound Feed on Goat Milk Production
and Composition. Annales de Zootechnie, 36: 334-335.
- Glimp HA, Hart ST, VonTungeln D 1989. Effect of
Altering Nutrient Density (Concentrate to Roughage
Ratio) and Restricting Energy Intake on Rate,
Efficiency and Composition of Growing Lambs. Journal
of Animal Science, 67: 865-871.
- Godden SM, Lissemore KD, Keton DF, Leslie KE, Walton
JS, Lumsden JH 2001. Factors Associated with Milk
Urea Concentrations in Ontario Dairy Cows. Journal of
Dairy Science, 84: 107–114.
- Goetsch AL, Detweiler G, Sahlu T, Hayes J, Puchala R
2003. Effects of Separate Offering of Forage and
Concentrate on Feed Intake and Growth of Alpine
Doelings. Small Ruminant Research, 48: 209-216.
- Gordon GLR, McSweeney CS, Phillips MW 1995. An
Important Role for Ruminal Anaerobic Fungi in The
Voluntary Intake of Poor Quality Forages by
Ruminants. In: Wallace, R.J. and LahlouKassi, A.
(eds.) Rumen Ecology Research Planning. Proceedings
of a Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Görgülü M, Güney O, Torun O, Özuyanık O, Kutlu HR
2003. An Alternative Feeding System for Dairy Goats:
Effects of Free-Choice Feeding on Milk Yield and Milk
Composition of Lactating Suckling Damascus Goats.
Journal of Animal Feed Science, 12: 33-44.
- Görgülü M, Kutlu HR, Demir E, Öztürkcan O, Forbes JM
1996. Nutritional Consequances of Free-Choice Among
Feed Ingredients by Awassi Lambs. Small Ruminant
Research, 20: 23-29.
- Huuskonen A, Pesonen M, Joki-Tokola E 2014. Effects of
Supplementary Concentrate Level Separate or Total
Mixed Ration Feeding on Performance of Growing
Dairy Bulls. Agricultural and Food Science, 23: 257-
265.
- Ingvartsen KL, Aaes O, Jens Bech A 2001. Effects of
Pattern of Concentrate Allocation in the Dry Period
and Early Lactation on Feed Intake and Lactational
Performance in Dairy Cows. Livestock Science, 71: 207-
221.
- Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J, Noordhuizen JPTM 2003.
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA): A Review. Journal
of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 50: 406-414.
- Maltz E, Silanikove N, Karaso Y, Shefet G, Meltzer A,
Barak M 1991. A Note on The Effects of Feeding Total
Mixed Ration on Performance of Dairy Goats in Late Lactation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 35:
15-20.
- Mellado M, Rodríguez A, Olvera A, Villarreal JA, Lopez R
2004. Diets of Nubian and Granadina Goats Grazing
on Arid Rangeland. Journal of Range Management, 57:
630-634.
- Miguel-Romera JA, Calvo-Ruiz JL, Ciria-Ciria J, Asenjo-
Martin B 2011. Effect of Feeding Systems on Live-
Weight, Reproductive Performance, Milk Yield and
Composition, and The Growth of Lambs in Native
Spanish Ojalada Sheep. Spanish Journal of
Agricultural Research, 9: 769-780.
- Mioc B, Prpic Z, Vnucec I, Barac Z, Susic V, Samarzija D,
Pavic V 2008. Factors Affecting Goat Milk Yield and
Composition. Mljekarstvo, 58: 305-313.
- Monzon-Gil E, Castanon JIR, Ventura MR 2010. Effect of
Low-Forage Rations on Milk Production of Dairy
Goats: Separate Concentrate-Forage Versus Mixed
Rations. Small Ruminant Research, 94: 196–200.
- Morand-Fehr P, Bas P, Blanchart G, Daccord R, Giger-
Reverdin S, Gihad EA, Hadjipanayiotou M, Mowlem A,
Remeuf F, Sauvant D 1991. Influence of Feeding on
Goat
Milk
Composition
and
Technological
Characteristics. In: P. Morand-Fehr, Goat Nutrition (p.
25-36). Publication - European Association for Animal
Production (46) Wageningen, NLD.
- NRC 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.
Washington DC, USA: 7th Review Ed. National
Academy of Sciences
- Pambu RG, Webb EC, Mohale L 2011. Differences in Milk
Yield and Composition of Different Goat Breeds Raised
in The Same Environment in South Africa.
Agricultural Journal, 6: 237-242.
- Pathak AK 2008. Various Factors Affecting Microbial
Protein Synthesis in The Rumen. Veterinary World, 1:
186-189.
- Provenza FD, Villalba JJ, Dziba LE, Atwood SB, Banner
RE 2003. Linking Herbivore Experience, Varied Diets,
and Plant Biochemical Diversity. Small Ruminant
Research, 49: 257-274.
- Rodriquez AB, Bodas R, Fernandez B, Lopez-Campos O,
Mantecon AR, Giraldez FJ 2007. Feed Intake and
Performance of Growing Lambs Raised on
Concentrate-Based Diets Under Cafeteria Feeding
Systems. Animal, 1: 459–466.
- Sanz Sampelayo MR, Perez L, Boza J, Amigo L 1998.
Forage of Different Physical Forms in The Diets of
Lactating Granadina Goats: Nutrient Digestibility and
Milk Production and Composition. Journal of Dairy
Science, 81: 492-498.
- SAS 2000. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 8.0. SAS
Inst, Inc, Cary, NC, USA.
- Sauvant D, Morand-Fehr P, Giger Reverdin S 1991. Dry
Matter Intake of Adult Goats. In: P. Morand-Fehr,
Goat Nutrition. Publication - European Association for
Animal Production (46) Wageningen, NLD.
- Silva FG, Torres RA, Brito LF, Silva LP, Menezes GR,
Brito LC, Euclydes RF, Rodrigues MT 2013. Genetic
Evaluation of Alpine Goats Using Different Milk
Control Intervals. Genetics and Molecular Research,
12: 2455-2464.
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü 2008. Hayvan Yemleri-
Metabolik (Çevrilebilir) Enerji Tayini Kimyasal Metot.
TS 9610, Ankara.
- Tufarelli V, Dario M, Laudadio V 2009. Forage to
Concentrate Ratio in Jonica Breed Goats: Influence on
Lactation Curve and Milk Composition. Journal of
Dairy Research, 76: 124–128.
- Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA 1991. Methods for
Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch
Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition.
Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
- Yrjänen S, Kaustell K, Kangasniemi R, Sariola J, Khalili
H 2003. Effets of Concentrate Feeding Strategy on The
Performance of Dairy Cows House in A Free Stall Barn.
Livestock Production Science, 81: 173-181.
- Yurtseven S, Görgülü M 2007. The Effects of Multiple
Choices for Grain and Protein Sources Differing in
Ruminal Degradability on Diet Selection and
Performance of Lactating Dairy Goats. Journal of
Animal Production, 48: 7-14.