Suriyeli sığınmacı kadınlarda depresyonla ilişkili değişkenlerin incelenmesi

Türkiye’de sayıları giderek artan Suriyeli sığınmacıların yaşadıkları sorunlar kapsamlı çalışmalarla incelenmesi gereken bir konudur. Bu araştırmada çalışmaya katılan kadınlarda depresyon düzeyi, stresli yaşam olayları ve risk faktörü ölçeğinin puanları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş ve risk faktörü ölçeğinin puanlarının depresyonu ne kadar yordadığı sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Çalışmaya, bir sivil toplum örgütü vasıtasıyla ulaşılan, 18- 65 yaş aralığında olan 103 Suriyeli sığınmacı kadın katılmıştır. Katılımcılara araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanmış olan Demografik Bilgi Formu, Beck Depresyon Envanteri, Stresli Yaşam Olayları Tarama Ölçeği ve Risk Faktörü Ölçeği verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucuna göre depresyon düzeyi ile risk faktörü ölçeğinin puanları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir korelasyon bulunmuştur. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda ise risk faktörü ölçeğinin puanlarının depresyon üzerinde anlamlı düzeyde yordayıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ışığında Suriyeli kadın sığınmacı grubun ruhsal durumu ve bununla ilişkili olan faktörler hakkında bilgi sahibi olunmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın sığınmacılarla çalışan profesyonellere yeni bir bakış açısı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Investigation of the variables related to depression in Syrian women asylum seekers

The increasing number of Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey and the problems they endure is a subject requiring comprehensive examination. In this research, both the relationship between depression level, stressful life events and risk factor scores and whether risk factor scores were the predictor of depression levels were investigated. 103 Syrian women asylum seekers, aged 18- 65, were recruited for the study through a non-governmental organization. The participants were given a Demographic Information Form prepared by the current researcher, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire and the Risk Factor Scale. A significant positive correlation was found between depression level and risk factor scores. Following regression analysis, it was observed that risk factor scores predicted depression. In light of findings from the current study, we are better informed of the mental status of Syrian asylum seekers as a group as well as related factors. We feel that this study will provide a new perspective for professionals working with Syrian asylum seekers.

PDF

___

Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1998). Internal consistency of an Arabic adaptation of the Beck depression inventory in four Arab countries. Psychological Reports, 82(1), 264- 266.
Akdeniz, E. B. ve Öz, F. (2009). Koruyucu ruh sağlığı açısından göç ve kadın. Kriz Dergisi, 17(1), 27-36.
Aker, T., Ayata, B., Özeren, M., Buran, B. ve Bay A. (2002). Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3(2), 97-103.
Akgün, N. (2016). Suriyeli mültecilerde ruhsal iyilik hali ve ilişkili faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Konya.
Aktaş, A. (2016). Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli kadın mülteciler: Kilis örneği. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Ataca, B. ve Berry, J. W. (2002). Psychological, sociocultural, and marital adaptation of Turkish immigrant couples in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 37(1), 13-26.
Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobaric, C., Franciskovic, T., Suljic, E., Duric, D. ve Vranesic, M. (2005). Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia: Association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions. Jama, 294(5), 580-590.
Beck, A. T. ve Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck depression inventory. Journal of Clinical Psycholog, 40(6), 1365-1367.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571.
Beiser, M. ve Hou, F. (2001). Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: A 10-year study. Social Science & Medicine, 53(10), 1321-1334.
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration, 30, 69-85.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34.
Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. In Wong, P. T. P., & Wong, L. C. J. (Eds.), Handbook Of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. Springer.
Bhui, K. ve Bhugra, D. (2007). Culture and mental health: A comprehensive textbook. Oxford University Press.
Blair, R. G. (2000). Risk factors associated with PTSD and major depression among Cambodian refugees in Utah. Health & Social Work, 25(1), 23-30.
Ceylan, V., Algan, Ç., Yalçın, M., Yalçın, E., Akın, E. ve Köse, S. (2017). Suriyeli mülteci ve sığınmacıların çeşitli psikolojik faktörler açısından incelenmesi: Batman örneklemi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(2), 595-606.
Choi, J., Miller, A. ve Wilbur, J. (2009). Acculturation and depressive symptoms in Korean immigrant women. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health, 11(1), 13-19.
Chung, R. C. Y. ve Kagawa-Singer, M. (1993). Predictors of psychological distress among Southeast Asian refugees. Social Science & Medicine, 36(5), 631-639.
Coid, J. W., Kirkbride, J. B., Barker, D., Cowden, F., Stamps, R., Yang, M. ve Jones, P. B. (2008). Raised incidence rates of all psychoses among migrant groups: Findings from the East London first episode psychosis study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(11), 1250- 1258.
Craig, T., Jajua, P. ve Warfa, N. (2006). Mental healthcare needs of refugees. Psychiatry, 8(9), 451-354.
Çelik, E. (2019). Mülteci kamplarında kalan kişilerin depresyon, anksiyete ve başa çıkma becerilerinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Çiçek, N. (2016). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mültecilerin depresyon düzeyleri (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İstanbul.
De Beurs, E., Beekman, A., Geerlings, S., Deeg, D., Van Dyck, R. ve Van Tilburg, W. (2001). On becoming depressed or anxious in late life: Similar vulnerability factors but different effects of stressful life events. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(5), 426-431.
Ellis, B. H., MacDonald, H. Z., Lincoln, A. K. ve Cabral, H. J. (2008). Mental health of Somali adolescent refugees: The role of trauma, stress, and perceived discrimination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 184-193.
Falconier, M. K., Huerta, M. ve Hendrickson, E. (2016). Immigration stress, exposure to traumatic life expe riences, and problem drinking among first-generation immigrant Latino couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(4), 469-492.
Fenta, H., Hyman, I. ve Noh, S. (2004). Determinants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(5), 363-372.
Gammouh, O. S., Al-Smadi, A. M., Tawalbeh, L. I. ve Khoury, L. S. (2015). Peer reviewed: Chronic diseases, lack of medications, and depression among Syrian refugees in Jordan, 2013–2014. Preventing chronic disease, 12(10), 1-9.
George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step a simple guide and reference (15.baskı). Taylor & Francis.
Giammusso, I., Casadei, F., Catania, N., Foddai, E., Monti, M. C., Savoja, G. ve Tosto, C. (2018). Immigrants psychopathology: Emerging phenomena and adaptation of mental health care setting by native language. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 14, 312-322.
Gorst-Unsworth, C. ve Goldenberg, E. (1998). Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq: Trauma-related factors compared with social factors in exile. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 90-94.
Heptinstall, E., Sethna, V. ve Taylor, E. (2004). PTSD and depression in refugee children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(6), 373-380.
Hollander, A. C., Bruce, D., Ekberg, J., Burström, B. ve Ekblad, S. (2013). Hospitalisation for depressive disorder following unemployment—differentials by gender and immigrant status: A population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health, 67(10), 875-881.
Holmes, T. H. ve Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213-218.
Horan, W. P., Ventura, J., Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Hwang, S. S. ve Mintz, J. (2005). Stressful life events in recent-onset schizophrenia: Reduced frequencies and altered subjective appraisals. Schizophrenia Research, 75(2-3), 363-374.
Janssen-Kallenberg, H., Schulz, H., Kluge, U., Strehle, J., Wittchen, H. U., Wolfradt, U., Koch- Gramus, U., Heinz, A., Mösko, M. ve Dingoyan, D. (2017). Acculturation and other risk factors of depressive disorders in individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 264-276.
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K. ve Perhoniemi, R. (2006). Perceived discrimination and well-being: A victim study of different immigrant groups. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16(4), 267-284.
Jessor, R., Van Den Bos, J., Vanderryn, J., Costa, F. M. ve Turbin, M. S. (1995). Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: Moderator effects and developmental change. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 923-933.
Karadağ, Ö. ve Altıntaş, K. H. (2010). Mülteciler ve sağlık. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 9(1), 55-62.
Keller, A., Lhewa, D., Rosenfeld, B., Sachs, E., Aladjem, A., Cohen, I., Hawthorne, S. ve Porterfield, K. (2006). Traumatic experiences and psychological distress in an urban refugee population seeking treatment services. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(3), 188-194.
Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 191- 214.
Kessler, R. C., Turner, J. B. ve House, J. S. (1987). Intervening processes in the relationship between unemployment and health. Psychological Medicine, 17(4), 949- 961.
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
Korkut, Y. (2009). Birleşik Devletler Topluluğundan (BDT) gelen ve Türkiye’de çalışan kadınlar: Göçe uyum sürecini etkileyen risk faktörlerini değerlendiren bir anketin güvenirlik ve geçerlik sonuçları. Women 2000, 7(2), 41-54.
Lin, L. H. ve Hung, C. H. (2007). Vietnamese women immigrants' life adaptation, social support, and depression. The Journal of Nursing Research, 15(4), 243-254. Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Elliott, M. N., Berthold, S.
M. ve Chun, C. A. (2005). Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States. Jama, 294(5), 571-579.
Masood, N., Okazaki, S. ve Takeuchi, D. T. (2009). Gender, family, and community correlates of mental health in South Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 265-274.
Mayda, A. S., Yılmaz, M., Bolu, F., Çetin Dağlı, S., Gerçek, G. Ç., Teker, N. ve ark. (2015). Bir öğrenci yurdunda kalan üniversite öğrencilerindeki internet bağımlılığı ile Beck depresyon ölçeği arasındaki ilişki. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 7(1), 6-14.
McFeeters, D., Boyda, D. ve O’Neill, S. (2015). Patterns of stressful life events: Distinguishing suicide ideators from suicide attempters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 192-198.
McLaughlin, K. A. ve Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 659-669.
Miszkurka, M., Goulet, L. ve Zunzunegui, M. V. (2012). Antenatal depressive symptoms among Canadian-born and immigrant women in Quebec: Differential exposure and vulnerability to contextual risk factors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(10), 1639- 1648.
Montgomery, M. A., Jackson, C. T. ve Kelvin, E. A. (2013). Premigration harm and depression: Findings from the New immigrant survey, 2003. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(5), 773-780.
Naja, W. J., Aoun, M. P., El Khoury, E. L., Abdallah, F. B. ve Haddad, R. S. (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68, 78-85.
Narayan, U. (1995). “Male-order” brides: Immigrant women, domestic violence and immigration law. Hypatia, 10(1), 104-119.
Nghe, L. T., Mahalik, J. R. ve Lowe, S. M. (2003). Influences on Vietnamese men: Examining traditional gender roles, the refugee experience, acculturation, and racism in the United States. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31(4), 245-261.
Olafsson, O. ve Svensson, P. G. (1986). Unemployment-related lifestyle changes and health disturbances in adolescents and children in the western countries. Social Science & Medicine, 22(11), 1105-1113.
Önen, C., Güneş, G., Türeme, A. ve Ağaç, P. (2014). Bir mülteci kampında yaşayan Suriyelilerde depresyon ve anksiyete durumu. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(6), 223-230.
Özen, H. ve Cerit, C. (2018). Savaş nedeniyle Türkiye’ye göç ederek insani yardım kuruluşunda çalışan Suriyeli mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve ilişkili etmenler. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3), 70-73.
Parrado, E. A. ve Flippen, C. A. (2005). Migration and gender among Mexican women. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 606-632.
Porter, M. ve Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A metaanalysis. Jama, 294(5), 602-612.
Roberts, R. E., Shema, S. J., Kaplan, G. A. ve Strawbridge, W. J. (2000). Sleep complaints and depression in an aging cohort: A prospective perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 81-88.
Rudolph, J. M., Stamm B. H. ve Stamm, H. E. (1997). Compassion fatigue a concern for mental health policy, providers, & administration. In Poster at the 13th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, PQ, CA, 1-3.
Sack, W. H., Him, C. ve Dickason, D. A. N. (1999). Twelveyear follow-up study of Khmer youths who suffered massive war trauma as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(9), 1173-1179.
Sağaltıcı, E. (2013). Suriyeli mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu taraması (Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi). Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gaziantep.
Salas-Wright, C. P., Kagotho, N. ve Vaughn, M. G. (2014). Mood, anxiety, and personality disorders among first and second-generation immigrants to the United States.
Psychiatry Research, 220(3), 1028-1036. Shellman, S. M. ve Stewart, B. M. (2007). Predicting risk factors associated with forced migration: An early warning model of Haitian flight. Civil Wars, 9(2), 174-199.
Stamm, B. H., Rudolph, J. M., Dewane, S., Gaines, N., Gorton, K., Paul, G., ... ve Ercolano, M. (1996). Psychometric review of stressful life experiences screening. Measurement of Stress, Trauma and Adaptation, 317-325. Steel, Z., Silove, D., Chey, T., Bauman, A., Phan, T. ve
Phan, T. (2005). Mental disorders, disability and health service use amongst Vietnamese refugees and the host Australian population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(4), 300-309.
Stroud, C. B., Davila, J. ve Moyer, A. (2008). The relationship between stress and depression in first onsets versus recurrences: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 206-213.
Sujoldžić, A., Peternel, L., Kulenović, T. ve Terzić, R. (2006). Social determinants of health–a comparative study of Bosnian adolescents in different cultural contexts. Collegium Antropologicum, 30(4), 703-711.
Şeker, D. ve Uçan, G. (2016). Göç sürecinde kadın. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 199- 214.
Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Tuzcu, A. ve Bademli, K. (2014). Göçün psikososyal boyutu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6(1), 56-66.
Tuzcu, A. ve Ilgaz, A. (2015). Göçün kadın ruh sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(1), 56- 67.
UNHCR. (2019a). Syria regional refugee response. https://bit.ly/31owk5n
UNHCR. (2019b). Syria regional refugee response. https://bit.ly/3a1a4lR
Ünal, S., Küey, L., Güleç, C., Bekaroğlu, M., Evlice, Y. E. ve Kırlı, S. (2002). Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 5(1), 8-15.
Vega, W. A., Kolody, B. ve Valle, J. R. (1987). Migration and mental health: An empirical test of depression risk factors among immigrant Mexican women. International Migration Review, 11(3), 512-530.
Wang, X., Trivedi, R., Treiber, F. ve Snieder, H. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on anger expression, John Henryism, and stressful life events: The Georgia cardiovascular twin study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 16-23.
Warfa, N., Bhui, K., Craig, T., Curtis, S., Mohamud, S., Stansfeld, S., McCrone, P. ve ... Thornicroft, G. (2005). Post-migration geographical mobility, mental health and health service utilisation among Somali refugees in the UK: A qualitative study. Health & Place, 12(4), 503- 515.
Warr, P. (1982). Psychological aspects of employment and unemployment. Psychological Medicine, 12(1), 7-11.
Yost, A. D. ve Lucas, M. S. (2002). Adjustment issues affecting employment for immigrants from the former soviet union. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39(4), 153-170.
Yussuf, F. (2015). Immigrant women: Risk and protective factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Ohio.