199211

Kore Yerel Yönetiminin Halk Sağlığı ve Kent Planlama Politikalarının COVID-19 ile Mücadelede Etkisi

Tüm dünyaya yayılan ve ekonomik etkinliklere ağır darbe vuran COVID-19 küresel sisteme büyük hasar vermiştir. Devletler kuantum bilgisayar ve yapay zekâ da dâhil olmak üzere son teknolojileri kullanarak COVID-19 virüsünün üstesinden gelebilmek için birçok yol denemişlerdir. COVID-19 virüsünün devletlerde yayılma hızı dikkate alındığında yeni teknolojilerden ziyade yerel yönetimlerin etkinliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Yerel yönetimler merkezi yönetimler ile kıyaslandığında daha çok halkın isteği doğrultusunda şekillendiği ve hızlı çözümler üretebildiğinden dolayı büyük krizleri yönetebilme kapasitelerine sahiplerdir. Güney Kore’nin yerel yönetim yapısı incelendiğinde teknolojik avantajının yerel yönetim tarzı ile uyumlu şekilde ilerlediği ve COVID-19 ile etkili mücadeleye yardımcı olduğu görülecektir. Makale, Güney Kore'de yerel yönetimlerin yapısal ve tarihsel arka planının COVID-19 ile mücadeledeki etkisini ve sağlıklı şehir planlaması ve kamu sağlığı konularında yerel yönetimlerin katkıları ve bunların COVID-19 ile mücadeledeki rollerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada nitel yöntem kullanılmış ve çalışmanın amacı Güney Kore yerel yönetimi örneğinden yola çıkarak COVID-19 ile mücadelede yerel yönetimlerin sağlıklı şehir planlaması ve kamu sağlığı yönünden katkılarını araştırmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Güney Kore, Kamu Yönetimi, Yerel Yönetim, Covid-19, Teknoloji

The Impact of Korean Local Government's Public Health and Urban Planning Policies in Combating COVID-19

COVID-19, which spread all over the world and hit economies hard, caused great damage to the global system. States have tried many ways to overcome the COVID-19 virus using cutting-edge technologies, including quantum computers and artificial intelligence. However, considering the rate of the spread of the COVID-19 virus in states, rather than new technologies, the effectiveness of local governments has emerged. Compared to central governments, local governments have the capacity to effectively manage major crises because they are shaped more in line with the wishes of the people and have the capacity to produce faster solutions. When the local government structure of South Korea is examined, it will be seen that the technological advantage of South Korea progresses in harmony with the local government style and helps to effectively fight against COVID-19. The article analyses the impact of the structural and historical background of local governments in South Korea in the fight against COVID-19, and the contributions of local governments to urban planning and public health, and their roles in combating COVID-19. A qualitative method is used in this study and the aim of the study is to investigate the contributions of local governments in terms of urban planning and public health in combating COVID-19, based on the example of the South Korean local government.

Keywords:

South Korea, Public Administration, Local Government, Covid-19, Technology,

PDF

___

Abdullah, W. J., & Kim, S. (2020). Singapore’s Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Critical Assessment. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), 770–776.
Akbaş, İ. (2022). Pandemi Sonrası Kentler: Covid-19’un Kentleşme Ve Kent Planlamasına Olası Etkileri. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 118-144.
AI for Good (2020). COVID-19: How Korea is Using Innovative Technology and AI to Flatten the Curve. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://aiforgood.itu.int/covid-19-how-korea-is-using-innovative-technology-and-ai-to-flatten-the-curve/.
Alexander, M., Unruh, L., Koval, A. & Belanger, W. (2022). United States Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic,January-November 2020. Health Econ Policy Law., 17(1), 62-75.
Antwi-Boasiako, J., Abbey, C. O., Ogbey, P. & Ofori, R. A. (2021). Policy Responses to Fight COVID-19; the Case of Ghana. Rev. Adm. Pública., 55(1), 122-139.
Arslan, T. (2022). Kamu Yönetiminde Dijital Dönüşüm ve Covid-19 Salgınının Türk Kamu Yönetimine Etkileri: Konya Örneği (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). T.C. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
Asian Development Bank (2021). Assessment of Covid-19 Response in the Republic of Korea. Philippines. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/691441/assessment-covid-19-response-republic-korea.pdf.
Barroso, A. & Mayoral, J. A. (2023). Spain: Temporary Centralization Amidst Political Polarization. In Lynggaard, K., Jensen, M.D., Kluth, M. (Eds.), Governments' Responses to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Blondin, D. & Boin, A. (2020). Cooperation in the Face of Transboundary Crisis: A Framework for Analysis. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 3(3), 197–209.
Bressanelli, E., Natali, D. (2023). Italy: Contested Centralisation Amid Political Uncertainty. In Lynggaard, K., Jensen, M.D., Kluth, M. (Eds.), Governments' Responses to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bundervoet, T., Dávalos, M. E. & Garcia, N. (2021). The Short-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in Developing Countries: An Overview Based on a Harmonized Data Set of High-Frequency Surveys. Washington: Policy Research Working Paper 9582,World Bank. Retrieved August 03, 2023, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35290
CEIC (2022). South Korean GDP per Capita. Retrieved Temmuz 23, 2023, from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/korea/gdp-per-capita#:~:text=South%20Korea%20Gross%20Domestic%20Product,34%2C983.700%20USD%20in%20Dec%202021.
Cha, S. (2021, December 13). S.Korea to Test AI-powered Facial Recognition to Track COVID-19 Cases. Reuters. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/skorea-test-ai-powered-facial-recognition-track-covid-19-cases-2021-12-13/
Cha, S. & Kim, J. (2020, February 19). South Korea Reports 20 New Coronavirus Cases, Church Services at Center of Outbreak. Reuters. Retrieved August 13, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-southkorea-cases-idCAKBN20D02O
Cho, C. L., Hong, J. H., & Wright, D. S. (2010). Intergovernmental Relations in Korea: From Dependency to Interdependency (chapter 18). In E. M. Berman, M. J. Moon, & H. Choi (Eds.), Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. United States of America: CRC press.
Choi, Y. C. (2018). The Evolution of Korean Public Administration and Policy. In Namkoong, K., Cho, K. H. & Kim, S. (Eds.), Public administration and policy in Korea: Its evolution and challenges. Routledge.
Choi, K., Choi, H., & Kahng, B. (2022 ). COVID-19 Epidemic Under the K-Quarantine Model: Network Approach. Chaos Solitons Fractals, 1-9.
Choi, Y. C. Geum, C. H., & Lee, J. H. (2014). Decentralization Policies of the Park Geun-Hye Administration - Korea: Characteristics and Future Policy Directions. Korean Journal of Local Government & Administration Studies, 28(4), 67-109.
Csomós, G. (2017). Cities As Command And Control Centres Of The World Economy: An Empirical Analysis, 2006–2015. Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series , 7–26.
Fisher, M., & Choe, S. H. (2020, March 23). How South Korea Flattened the Curve. Retrieved July 23, 2023, from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/world/asia/coronavirus-south-korea-flatten-curve.html
Goldstein, M. P., Martinez, P. L., Papineni, S., & Wimpey, J. (2020, September 8). The Global State of Small Business during COVID-19: Gender Inequalities. Retrieved August 03, 2023, from Let’s Talk Development (blog): https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/global-state-small-business-during-covid-19-gender-inequalities
Governors Association of Korea (2020, July 08). Measures in Response to COVID-19 by Korean Local Governments. Retrieved August 15, 2023, from K-Glocal Newsletter Vol.1: https://www.gaok.or.kr/K-Glocal/vol-1/EN/pdf/vol-1_pdf_EN-01.pdf
Her, M. (2020). Repurposing and Reshaping of Hospitals During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea. One Health.
Hwang, M., & Bae, J.-M. (2021). Sources of Infection Among Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in Jeju Province, Korea. J Prev Med Public Health, 54, 245-250.
Hyun, J., You, S., Sohn, S., Kim, S. J., Bae, J., Baik, M., . . . Chung, U. S. (2020). Psychosocial Support during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea: Activities of Multidisciplinary Mental Health Professionals. J Korean Med Sci., 35(22).
IMF (2020). World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent. Washington DC: The International Monetary Fund.
Jeong, G. H., Lee, H. J., Lee, J., Lee, J. Y., Lee, K. H., Han, Y. J., . . . Shin, J. (2020). Effective Control of COVID-19 in South Korea: Cross-Sectional Study of Epidemiological Data. J Med Internet Res, 22(12).
Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Sharifi, A. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on Cities and Major Lessons for Urban Planning, Design, and Management. Science of the Total Environment.
Kim, J. H., An, J. A. R., Min, P. K., Bitton, A., & Gawande, A. A. (2020). How South Korea Responded to the Covid-19 Outbreak in Daegu. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv., 1(4). doi:10.1056/CAT.20.0159
Klingebiel, S., & Tørres, L. (2020). Republic of Korea and COVID-19: Gleaning Governance Lessons from a Unique Approach. Pathfinders UNDP. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/seoul_policy_center/USPC-Covid-management-RoK-2020-Pathfinders.pdf
Korean Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (2020). The Strategies against Coronavirus Disease-19 Outbreak. 7–4 . http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/duBoardList.do?brdId=2&brdGubun=28 adresinden alındı Kuhn, A. (2020, March 13). South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast — And Free. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/13/815441078/south-koreas-drive-through-testing-for-coronavirus-is-fast-and-free
Kyung-man, P. (2020, March 29). How Goyang’s Drive-Thru Testing Model Became Adopted Throughout the World. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from The Hankyoreh: https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/934684.html Lee, S., & Wong, R. (2021). COVID-19 Responses of South Korea as Hybrids of Governance Modes. Front. Public Health, 9.
London School of Economics and Political Science (2018, March 16). What are Transboundary Crises and How Can They be Managed? Retrieved from London School of Economics and Political Science Website: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/government/2018/03/16/what-are-transboundary-crises-and-how-can-they-be-managed/#:~:text=Crisis%20is%20about%20elements%20of,%2C%20professional%2C%20legal%20or%20organisational.
London School of Economics and Political Science (2020, May 13). Transboundary Crisis Management in Europe in the Wake of COVID-19. Retrieved from London School of Economics and Political Science Website : https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/2020/05/202005131600/transboundary-crisis-management
Low, K. C. and Ang, S. L. (2013). Confucian Ethics, Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(4), 30-43.
Macrotrends. (n.d.). Bolivia GDP Per Capita 1960-2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BOL/bolivia/gdp-per-capita
Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2020). Local Government’s Response to Covid-19 in Korea. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/local-governments-response-covid-19-korea
Miyah, Y., Benjelloun, M., Lairini, S., & Lahrichi, A. (2022). COVID-19 Impact on Public Health, Environment, Human Psychology, Global Socioeconomy, and Education. The Scientific World Journal.
Noland, M. (2011, November 01). Korea's Growth Performance: Past and Future. East-West Center Working Papers, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/koreas-growth-performance-past-and-future.
O'Neill, A. (2023, April 27). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita in Spain 2028. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/263773/gross-domestic-product-gdp-per-capita-in-spain/
Önder, M.; Ulaşan, F. (2016). The Impact of Public Administration on Economic Growth The Case of South Korea. International Journal of Leadership Education and Management Studies., 23-43. Provis, C. (2017). Confucianism, Virtue, and Wisdom. In Sison, A., Beabout, G. & Ferrero, I. (Eds.), Handbook of Virtue Ethics in Business and Management. Dordrecht: International Handbooks in Business Ethics,Springer.
Seth, M. J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Shin, H., Jin, H., & Smith, J. (2020, May 22). How South Korea Turned an Urban Planning System into a Virus Tracking Database. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-southkorea-tracing-in-idINKBN22Y08K
Shaw, R., Kim, Y.-K., & Hua, J. (2020). Governance, Technology and Citizen Behavior in Pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia. Progress in Disaster Science 6, 1-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100090
Sinha, A., & Rathi, M. (2021). COVID-19 Prediction Using AI Analytics for South Korea. Appl Intell., 51(1-19). doi:10.1007/s10489-021-02352-z
Sonn, J. W., Kang, M., & Choi, Y. (2020). Smart City Technologies for Pandemic Control Without Lockdown. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(2), 149-151.
Sung-dong, Y. (2020). Kamu Yayıncığınınn Değeri Yeniden Anlaşıldı. TRT Akademi, Salgın Yayıncılığı, 36-41.
The World Bank. (2023, April 03). Urban Development. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities.
Uçar, N. (2023). Kentleşme Sürecinde Salgın Hastalıklar ve İstanbul’da Kentsel Kırılganlık Kavramı (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans). T.C. Maltepe Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü . İstanbul.
Ulaşan, F. (2023). Koronavirüsle Mücadelede Yapay Zekânin Yerinin Kamu Yönetimi Temelinde Değerlendirilmesi. In I. Global (Ed.), 3. International Mediterranean Congress, (pp. 109-123). Mersin.
Ulaşan, F., & Lee, D. (2022). South Korea. In Önder,M., Nyadera, I. N. & Islam, M. N. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Comparative Public Administration: Concepts and Cases (pp. 507-536). Palgrave Macmillan.
United Cities and Local Governments Asia-Pacific (2020). Covid-19: What Local Governments Need to Know: Case Study from Goyang City South Korea. Retrieved August 15, 2023, from https://uclg-aspac.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Goyang-City_Diverse-polices-for-responding-COVID19.pdf
Uzun, M. M., Yıldız, M., & Önder, M. (2022). Big Questions of AI in Public Administration and Policy. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 423-442.
Volodzko, D. (2020, August 19). South Korea’s COVID-19 Church Scapegoat is Fighting Back. Foreign Policy.
Weinland, K. (2023). Intercultural Communication. Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University Libraries.
WTO (2020, March 18). WHO Director General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. July 23, 2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---18-march-2020 adresinden alındı
Yoon, L. (2022, May 25). Economic Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in South Korea - Statistics & Facts. Retrieved Temmuz 23, 2023, from Statista: https://www.statista.com/topics/9308/economic-impact-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-in-south-korea/#editorsPicks