KUTLAY GÜRBULAK, Kazım GÜVENÇ, Hüseyin YILMAZ

Taylarda kolostrum ve pasif bağışıklığı önemi

Yeni doğan tayların neonatal septisemi, enterit ve pnömoniye neden olan, bazı viral ve bakteriyel infeksiyonlara karşı korunmada kolostrumu ve sütü alması gerekmektedir. Etkin bir korunma ve sağlıklı büyümesi için tayın yeterli miktarda kolostrumu alması, emilebilmesi ve kolostrumun içerdiği antikor düzeyine bağlıdır. Kısraklarda gebeliğin son 2-3 haftasında kolostrum üretimi artar ve tay tarafından emildiğinde zamanla azalır. Kolostrum kalitesi spesifik ağırlığına ve immunoglobulin düzeyine bağlıdır. IgG miktarını ölçen bazı yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Kolostrumda immunoglobulin, düzeyinin ölçülmesinin tayların ileriki dönemlerdeki gelişmeleri ile ilgili bazı klinik yararları vardır. Eğer immunoglobulin düzeyi düşük ise immunoglobulinden zengin maddeler eklenerek düzey artırılmaya çalışılır. Günümüzde bu amaçla kısrak ve sığır kolostrumu kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan kısrak orijinli olanın emilim hızı daha fazla olduğundan dolayı daha çok tercih edilmektedir. Kolostrum taze olarak taylara verilebildiği gibi dondurulmuş olarak da verilebilmektedir. Kolostrumun bağırsaklardan emilmesinde oluşan bozulduklar veya gecikme sonucu yeni doğanlarda IgG düzeyleri düşük olmakta ve buna bağlı olarak pasif bağışıkla ilgili bazı immünolojik yetersizlikler şekillenmektedir. Kolostrumun emilim bozulduğuyla ilgili oluşan bu fenomene "immunoglobulin transferinin gerçekleşmemesi=failure of passive immun transfer=FPT" adı verilmektedir. Bu olgular yeni doğan taylarda-infeksi yoz etkenlere karşı korunmada eksikler ortaya çıkarmakta ve ölümlere neden olmaktadır. Pasif immunitenin transfer edilip edilmediği bir başka deyişle anneden yavruya immunoglobulin transferinin olup olmadığı ilk 8-10. saatlerde tespit edilmelidir. Eğer maternal IgG oranı çok düşükse FTP'den korunmak için taya doğumdan 9-12 saat sonra iyi kalitede yaklaşık l litre kolostrum verilerek koruyucu önlemler alınabilir. Serum IgG düzeyi düşük olan taylara yaşamlarının ilk 3 gününde ek olarak IgG verilmelidir. Taylarda pasif transferin gerçekleşememesi aslında çevre şartlarıyla da yakından ilişkilidir. Bu bağlamda, tayların temiz, havadar ve kalabalık olmayan yerlerde tutulması pozitif etki oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

IgG, kolostrum, tay, maternal bağışıklık, yenidoğan hayvanlar, pasif bağışıklık

The importance of colostrum and passive immunity in foals

Neonatal foals should have to take colostral milk for the protection against bacterial and viral infections such as septicemia, enteritis and pneumonia. An efficient protection against infections and proper growth of the foal are depending on the absorption, the quality and quantity of colostrum intake. Colostrum is produced during the last two to three final weeks of pregnancy and production of colostrum is decreased gradually as foal sucks. The quality of colostrum is depending on the specific weight and concentration of immunoglobulin content. There are some methods to evaluate the level of immunoglobulins. Detecting the level of immunoglobulins of the colostrum has some clinical benefits with respect to probable development in the future -life of the foal. If the level of immunoglobulin is not adequate then some substances should be added to increase the content of the colostrum. Nowadays, colostrum of bovine and equine is being used for this purpose. Because of the higher digestibility, the colostrum of-the mares is much more preferred. Colostrum can be fed orally both in fresh and frozen manner. Failure of the newborn foal to ingest or absorb colostrum within the period of time following birth results in some disorder of passive immunity. This phenomenon is called as disorder of passive immunity. Moreover, this disorder is associated with inadequate absorption of immunoglobulin is termed as failure of passive immune transfer (FPT). This situation is likely to result in undesired developments in the prevention of infections in newborn foal leading to death. It should be determined whether the passive immunity is established or not during the first eight to ten hours following the birth. If the level of maternal immunoglobulin is quite low, then preventive applications such as supplementation of about one liter colostrum with high quality should be given against neonatal infections. Foals, with low level of immunoglobulins in serum should be supplemented orally with high quality during the first three days following the parturition. Inability of having an adequate passive immunity has also been association with environment. In this regard, keeping the foals in a clean, ventilated conditions and not in overcrowded environment has a positive influence on the maintenance of the foal health.

Keywords:

IgG, colostrum, foals, maternal immunity, newborn animals, passive immunity,

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