ZEHRA BOZKURT, İSMAİL BAYRAM, AZİZ BÜLBÜL, Orhan Cem AKTEPE

Effects of strain, cage density and position on immune response to vaccines and blood parameters in layer pullets

Çalışmada Lohman Brown (LB), Isa Brown (IB), Lohman White (LW) ve Bowans White (BW) genotiplerinden 1 günlük yaşta 2000 adet civciv kullanıldı. Civcivler 3 kafes sıklığında (sırasıyla 211.8, 274.5 ve 370.6 cm2/piliç) ve 3 kafes pozisyonunda (üst, orta ve alt kat kafesleri) barındırıldı. Piliçlere standart bakım-besleme uygulandı ve ticari bir aşı programına uygun aşılama yapıldı. Beş, 10 ve 20 haftalık yaşlarda alınan kan örneklerinde Infectious Brochitis Virus (IBV), Infectious Bursal Desease Virus (IBDV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) ve Egg Drop Syndrome Virus (EDSV) aşılarına karşı oluşan toplam spesifik antikor üretimi ticari ELISA kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Hücresel immun yanıt da incelendi. Ticari beyaz yumurtacı piliçlerde IBV, IBDV, NDV ve EDSV aşılarına karşı spesifik antikor üretimi kahverengi yumurtacı piliçlerden daha yüksekti. Kafeste barındırılma kahverengi yumurtacı piliçlerde beyaz yumurtacı piliçlere göre daha fazla stres oluşturdu. Kafes sıklığı arttıkça, heterofil ve heterofil/lenfosit (H/L) oranları hafifçe arttı. Pozisyon etkisi IBV ve IBDV aşılarına karşı antikor üretimini etkilemedi, ancak piliçlerin barındırıldıkları kafesin pozisyonu bataryada üstten alta doğru indikçe NDV ve EDSV antikor üretimi azaldı, yüzde heterofil, H/L oranı ve bazofil oranları düştü. Bu bulgular, piliçler kafes sistemleri içerisinde genleri tarafından kontrol edilen fizyolojik ve davranımsal özelliklerine uygun sıklık ve pozisyonda barındırılırlar ise kafes kaynaklı stresin azaltılabileceğini, hastalıklara karşı dirençlerin ve dolayısı ile refahlarının da arttırılabileceğini gösterdi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kan kimyası, kan parametreleri, yumurta tavuğu, bağışık yanıt, yerleşim sıklığı, aşılama (hayvan), genotip, kafes yerleşim sıklığı

Piliçlerde genotip, kafes yoğunluğu ve pozisyonunun aşılara karşı oluşan immun yanıta ve kan parametrelerine etkileri

Two thousand 1-day-old layer chicks were used in the study from Lohman Brown, Isa Brown, Lohman White and Bowans White breeds. The chicks were placed in the at 3 cage densities (211.8, 274.5 and 370.6 cm2 per bird) and on 3 positions (as top, middle and bottom tiers). All birds were kept under standard management policy and a commercial vaccination program was practiced. Total specific antibody titres to Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), Infectious Bursal Desease Virus (IBDV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Egg Drop Syndrome Virus (EDSV) vaccines at the ages of 5, 10 and 20 weeks were serologically determined by ELISA. Cell-mediated immune response was also evaluated. In commercial white egg laying strains specific antibody titres to IBV, IBDV, NDV and EDSV vaccines were greater than in Brown egg layer strains. Keeping in cage created more stress in Brown egg laying chicks than those in white egg laying chicks. As cage density increased, the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L ratio) slightly increased. Cage position had no influence on the titres of antibodies to IBV and IBDV vaccines but the position of cage in pullets where chicks were stocked, from top to bottom, NDV and EDSV antibody titre decreased and percentage of heterophils, H/L ratio and basophil rates were low. These findings suggest that cage-related stress could be decreased, resistance to diseases and finally well-being of hens may be improved if hens are kept under proper position and density within cage systems with respect to their physiological and behavioral characteristics that controlled by genes.

Keywords:

blood chemistry, blood parameters, hens, immune response, stocking density, vaccination, genotypes, cage density,

PDF

___

Hester PY: Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying strains of hens. Poult Sci, 84, 687- 696, 2005.
O’Hara P, O’Connor C: Challenge of developing regulations for production animals that the welfare outcames we want. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2, 205-212, 2007.
Appleby MC, Hughes BO: Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems: Environmental, physical and behavioral aspects. World Poultry Science Journal, 47, 109-128, 1991.
Pohle K, Gheng H: Housing effect on behavior and production performance of laying hens: Furnish cages vs. conventional cages. Poultry Science, 82, 59 (Abstract), 2003.
Koelkebeck KW, Cain JR: Performance, behavior, plasma corticosterone, and economic returns of laying hens in several management alternatives. Poultry Science, 63, 2123-2131, 1984.
Tauson R: Health and production in improved cage designs. Poultry Science, 77,1820-1827, 1998.
Brom DM: Animal welfare: Concept and measurements. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 4167-4175, 1991.
Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R: Stres hormone and immune function. Cellular Immunology, 2008 (In Press). Buitenhuis AJ, Rodenburg TB, Wissink PH, Visscher J, Koene P, Bovenhuis H, Ducro BJ, van der Poel JJ: Genetic and phenotypic correlations between feather pecking behavior, stress response, immune response, and egg quality traits in laying hens. Poultry Science, 83, 1077-1082, 2004.
Craig IV, Craig JA, Vargas JV: Corticosteroids and other indicators of hen wellbeing in four laying-house environments. Poultry Science, 65, 859-863, 1989.
Cheng HW, Singleton P, Muir WM: Social stress in laying hens: Differential effects on plasma dopamine concentrations and adrenal function in geneticaly selected chickens. Poultry Science, 82, 192-198, 2003.
Puthpongsiripors U, Scheideler SE: Effecs of dietary tatio of linoleic to linolenic asid on performance, antibody production, and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of leghorn pullet chicks. Poultry Science, 84, 846-857, 2005.
Hangalapura BN, Nieuwland MG, De Vries Reiling G, Buyse J, Van Den Brand H, Kemp B, Parmentier HK: Severe feed restriction enhances innate immunity but suppresses cellular immunity in chicken lines divergently selected for antibody responses. Poultry Science, 84, 1520-1529, 2005.
Vaziry A, Venne D, Frenette D, Gingras S, Silim A: Prediction of optimal vaccination timing for infectious bursal dieases based on chick weight. Avian Diseases, 51, 918-923, 2007.
Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Bonneau RH, Malarkey W, Kennedy S, Hudges J: Stress-induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 22-29, 1992.
Gross WB, Siegel HS: Evaluation of the heterophil /lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dissease, 27, 972-979, 1983.
al-Murrani WK, al-Sam HZ, al-Athari AM: Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 38,159-163, 1997.
Mitchell MA, Kattlewell MH, Maxwell MH: Indicators of physiological stress in broiler chickens during road transportation. Animal Welfare, 1, 91-103, 1992.
Maxwell MH: Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. World’s Poultry Science, 49, 34-43, 1993.
Anonymous: Lohman LSI Management Manual, 2000.
Anonymous: Lohman Brown Management Manual, 2000.
Anonymous: Isabrown Management Manual, 2000.
Anonymous: Bowans White Management Manual, 2000.
Bozkurt Z, Bayram I, Türkmenoğlu I, Aktepe OC: Effects of cage density and cage position on perfprmance of commercial layer pullets from four genotypes. Turk Journal Veterinary Animal Science, 30, 17-28, 2006.
Yaman N: Vaccine programe. Personal communication, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, 2008.
Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC: Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 5th ed, Lippincott Williams. Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000.
Daniel WW: Biostatistics. 6th ed. pp. 273-507. John Wiley&Sons Inc. New Yok,USA, 1995.
SPSS INC: SPSS for Windows 6.1. Base System User’s Guide. Release 6.0, SPSS Inc. USA, 1960.
Arda M, Sareyyüpoğlu B: Aşılar. pp 123-156. Inkansa Printing, Ankara, Turkey, 2004.
Morrow PR, Alplanalp H: Genetic control of Tlymphocyte mitogenesis in chickens. Immunogenetics, 13, 189-200, 1981.
Elston JJ, Beck M, Alodan MA, Vega-Murillo V: Laying hen behavior 2. Cage type preference and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios. Poultry Science, 79, 477-482, 2000.
Patterson PH, Siegel HS: Impact of cage density on pullet performance and blood parameters of stress. Poultry Science, 77, 32-40, 1998.
Huff GR, Huff WE, Bolag JM, Rath NC, Anthony NB, Nestor KE: Stres response differences and disease susceptibility reflected by heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in turkeys selected for increased body weight. Poultry Science, 84, 709-717, 2005.
Mashaly MM, Hendricks GL, Kalama MA, Gehad AE, Abbas AO, Patterson PH: Effect of heat stres on production paramaters and immune responses of commercial laying hens. Poultry Science, 83, 889-894,2004.
Boa-Amponsem K, Price SEH, Picard M, Geraert PA, Siegel PB: Vitamine E and immune responses of broiler pureline chickens. Poultry Science, 79, 466-470, 2000.
Silversides FG, Budgell KL: Effects of strain of layers and age photostimulation on egg production, egg quality, and bone strength. Poultry Science, 85, 1136-1144, 2006.
Edens FW, Martin GA, Carteri TA: Stress resposes of two layer stocks in five cage densities compared to flor birds. Poultry Science, 61, 1456, 1989 (Abstract).
Borges SA, Fischer da Silva AV, Majorka A, Hooge DM, Cummings KR: Physiological responses of Broiler Chickens to heat stres and dietary electrolyte balance (sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kilogram). Poultry Science, 83, 1551-1558, 2004.
Donker RA, Nieuwland MG, Van der Zijpp AJ: Heatstress influences on antibody production in chicken lines selected for high and low immune responsiveness. Poultry Science, 69, 599-607, 1990.
Glaser R, Sheridan J, Malarkey WB, MacCallum RC, Kiecolt-Glaser JK: Chronic stres modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 804-807, 2000
Humphrey T: Are happy chickens safer chickens? Poultry welfare and disease susceptibility. British Poultry Science, 47, 379-391, 2006.
Fraisse F, Cockrem JF: Corticosterone and fear behaviour in white and Brown caged laying hens. British Poultry Science, 47, 110-119, 2006.
Erganiş O, İstanbulluoğlu E: Immunoji. 3rd ed. pp 154- 168. Mimoza Printing. Konya, Turkey, 1993.