Pınar KORUKLUOĞLU, Mine ÇELİKÖZ, Mehmet GÜROL

Investigating the Effectiveness of Web 2.0-Based Critical Thinking Curriculum Developed for Secondary School Students: A Mixed-Methods Study

It is crucial for students to develop their 21st-century skills such as technological literacy and critical thinking skills with various curricula to be updated in accordance with technology integration in education. Therefore, a critical thinking curriculum was designed, implemented and evaluated by using Web 2.0 tools for secondary school students. The research, adopting embedded mixed design [qual+Quan(qual)+qual] research model, was carried out with 21 secondary school students studying at 5th and 6th grades. Before the 8-week implementation process, a needs analysis was carried out, student journals during the implementation were analyzed with content analysis. A significant difference was found, in favor of the post-test, between the pre-tests/post-tests of “Critical Thinking Skills Test” and “Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument” as a result of Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test analysis while there was no significant difference between the post-tests based on variables of grade and gender in the Mann Whitney-U analysis. In the content analysis of the student interviews carried out after the implementation, it is seen that students found the curriculum entertaining and gained awareness in utilizing critical thinking skills. In addition, students suggested activities embodying more verbal expressions and extracurricular assignments to be more active.

Keywords:

Critical Thinking, Curriculum Development Online Education, Secondary School, Web 2.0 Tools,

PDF

___

Alp, G. (2019). Scratch Programı ile Web destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yönteminin ilkokul 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin kavramsal anlama düzeylerine ve eleştirel düşünme becerilerine etkisi [The impact of scratch program and web assisted cooperative learning method on the level of conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills of 5th grade students]. (Master's thesis). Bursa Uludağ University Bursa, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 543479
Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Publishing. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://tuv.oer4pacific.org/id/eprint/4/
Anderson, J., Van Weert, T., & Duchâteau, C. (2002). Information and communication technology in education: A curriculum for schools and programme of teacher development. UNESCO. Retrieved April 24, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3GVafz9
Anderson, P. (2007). What is Web 2.0?: ideas, technologies and implications for education (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-64). Bristol: JISC. Retrieved May 02, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3kcFXhJ
Aybek, Ö. (2007). Konu ve beceri temelli eleştirel düşünme öğretiminin öğretmen adaylarının eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ve düzeyine etkisi [The effect of subject and skill-based critical thinking teaching on pre-service teachers' critical thinking disposition and level]. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 16 (2), 43-60.
Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. (Arı, A., Ed. & Trans.) Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
Beyer, B. K. (1984). Improving thinking skills: Defining the problem. The Phi Delta Kappan, 65(7), 486-490.
Bozkurt, A. (2013). Açık ve uzaktan öğretim: Web 2.0 ve sosyal ağların etkileri [Open and distance education: The effects of Web 2.0 and social networks]. In Akgül, M. et. Al (Eds.), XV. Akademik Bilişim Conference (Akademik Bilişim, 2013), (pp. 23-25). Antalya, Akdeniz University.
Conklin, W. (2011). Higher-order thinking skills to develop 21st century learners. Teacher Created Materials. Retrieved May 03, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3BQaurN
Creswell, J., W., & Plano Clark, L., V. (2020). Karma yöntem araştırmaları tasarımı ve yürütülmesi [Designing and conducting: mixed methods research]. (Dede,Y. & Demir, S., B., Ed. & Trans.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
Çelik, T. (2021). Web 2.0 araçları kullanımı yetkinliği ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Web 2.0 tools usage competence scale development study]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 51, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.700181
Çubukçu, Z. (2006). Critical thinking dispositions of the Turkish teacher candidates. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology -TOJET, 5(4), 22-36.
Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills: 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn. Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp.51-76). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qb1JpS
Demirel, Ö. (2019). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya [Curriculum development in education from theory to practice]. (26th. Edition.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
Drexler, W., Baralt, A., & Dawson, K. (2008). The teach web 2.0 consortium: A tool to promote educational social networking and web 2.0 use among educators. Educational Media International, 45(4), 271–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980802571499
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
Eğmir, E. (2016). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretim programının hazırlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi [Preparation, implementation and evaluation of critical thinking skill curriculum]. Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 447711
Ertaş Kılıç, H., & Şen, A. İ. (2014). UF/EMI Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması [Turkish adaptation study of UF/EMI critical thinking disposition instrument]. Education and Science, 39(176), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3632
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
Ennis, C. D. (1991). Discrete Thinking Skills in Two Teachers' Physical Education Classes. The Elementary School Journal, 91(5), 473-487.
Evancho, S. R. (2000). Critical thinking skills and dispositions of the undergraduate baccalaureate nursing student. Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, US. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 1398931).
Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research findings and recommendations. (The Delphi Report). American Philosophical Association, Newark, Delaware, 112p. Retrieved April 04, 2021 from https://philpapers.org/archive/FACCTA.pdf
Fisher, R. (1995). Teaching children to think. United Kingdom. United Kindom: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CP9Fk5
Gretter, S., & Yadav, A. (2016). Computational thinking and media & information literacy: An integrated approach to teaching twenty-first century skills. TechTrends, 60(5), 510-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0098-4
Gündoğdu, M. H. (2017). Web 2.0 teknolojileri ile geliştirilmiş işbirlikli öğrenme ortamının ortaokul öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları ile problem çözmeye yönelik yansıtıcı düşünme becerilerine ve motivasyon düzeylerine etkisi [The effects of web 2.0 technologies and developed collaborative learning environments on academic achievements, reflective thinking skills for problem solving and the level of motivation of secondary school learners]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan Univeristy, Konya, Turkey. Dissertation ID: 461343
Güneş, F. (2012). Öğrencilerin düşünme becerilerini geliştirme [Developing students' thinking skills]. Journal of Turkology Research, (32), 127-146.
Halpern, D. F. (1999). Teaching for critical thinking: Helping college students develop the skills and dispositions of a critical thinker. New directions for teaching and learning, 1999(80), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.8005
Halpern, D. F. (2003). Thoughts and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. New Jersey-London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3CQfii6
Horzum, M. B. (2007). Web tabanlı yeni öğretim teknolojileri: Web 2.0 araçları [Web based new ınstructıonal technologıes: Web 2.0 tools]. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 6(12), 99-121.
Horzum, M. B. (2010). Öğretmenlerin Web 2.0 araçlarından haberdarlığı, kullanım sıklıkları ve amaçlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigating teachers’ Web 2.0 tools awareness, frequency and purposes of usage in terms of different variables]. International Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 603-634.
Hursen, C. (2020). The Effect of Problem-Based Learning Method Supported by Web 2.0 Tools on Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking Skills in Teacher Education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(3), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09458-2
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) (2008). Essential conditions: Necessary conditions to effectively leverage technology for learning. Retrieved April 25, 2001, from https://www.iste.org/standards/for-educators
Ilgaz, H. (2018). Bireysel farklılıklar kapsamında çevrimiçi öğrenme araştırmalarına ilişkin sistematik bir derleme [A systematic review of online learning researches in the context of ındividual differences]. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 11 (4), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.407289
Kaya, Z. (2006). Öğretim teknolojileri ve materyal geliştirme [Instructional technologies and material development]. (2nd. ed.). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık
Kazancı, K. (2014). The effect of Web tools 2.0 on critical thinking with a special emphasis on collaborative learning. (Master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 375338
Kivunja, C. (2014). Do You Want Your Students to Be Job-Ready with 21st Century Skills? Change Pedagogies: A Pedagogical Paradigm Shift from Vygotskyian Social Constructivism to Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Siemens' Digital Connectivism. International Journal of Higher Education, 3(3), 81-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v3n3p81
Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr, D. (2004). Metacognition: A bridge between cognitive psychology and educational practice. Theory into Practice, 43(4), 268-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4304_4
Kurnaz, A. (2019). Eleştirel Düşünme Öğretimi Etkinlikleri Planlama-Uygulama ve Değerlendirme [Planning, ımplementation and evaluation of critical thinking teaching activities]. (3rd. ed.). Konya: Eğitim Kitabevi.
Larson, L. C., & Miller, T. N. (2011). 21st century skills: Prepare students for the future. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(3), 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2011.10516575
Lewin, C., & McNicol, S. (2015). Supporting the development of 21st century skills through ICT. KEYCIT 2014: Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT, (7), 181-198. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3qbgZmL
Magnuson, M. L. (2012). Construction and reflection: Using Web 2.0 foster engagement with technology for information literacy instruction. Wisconsin University, Milwaukee. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3520737).
Norwich, B. (2002). Education, inclusion and individual differences: Recognising and resolving dilemmas. British Journal of Educational Studies, 50(4), 482-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8527.t01-1-00215
Nossich, M., G. (2018). Disiplinlerarası eleştirel düşünme rehberi [Learning to thinks through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum]. (Aybek, B., Ed. & Trans). (4rd. ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2017). What do we know about children and technology? Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3qak06F
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Education Working Papers. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/301gAbG
Önal, İ (2020). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerine yönelik bir program geliştirme çalışması [A curriculum development study for critical thinking skills]. (Doctoral dissertation). Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 629745
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2001). Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3o5B2Ax
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008). Minik eleştirel düşünme kılavuzu: Kavramlar ve araçlar [The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools], (Fidan, M. B., Trans.), Foundation for Critical Thinking. Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://www.criticalthinking.org/files/Turkish_CT_Concepts_Tools.pdf
Paul, R. (1987). Critical Thinking Handbook: 4th-6th Grades. A Guide for Remodelling Lesson Plans in Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED308480.pdf
Paul, R., Weil, D., & Binker, A. J. A. (1990). Critical thinking handbook: K-3rd grades - A guide for remodelling lesson plans in language arts, social studies & science. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA. Retrieved April 21, 2021 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED325803.pdf
Parlak, B. (2017). Dijital çağda eğitim: olanaklar ve uygulamalar üzerine bir analiz [Education in digital age: An analysis on opportunities and applications]. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty Economics Administrative Sciences, 22, Special Issue on Kayfor, pp.1741-1759.
Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2015). P21 framework definitions. Retrieved April 4, 2021, from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework_Definitions.pdf.
Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri [Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods]. (Demir, S. B. & Bütün, M., Trans.). Ankara: Pegem A Akademi
Pearlman, B. (2010). Designing new learning environments to support 21st century skills. 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn, Bellenca, J., & Brandt, R. (Eds.). (pp. 116-147.). US, Solution Tree Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3mNWBpL
Polat, S. (2014). Eleştirel düşünme becerisi öğretiminin çok yönlü incelenmesi [Multifaceted Examination of Critical Thinking Skill Instruction]. (Doctoral dissertation). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 373628
Pürbudak, A. (2020). Web 2.0 temelli işbirlikli grup etkinliklerinin öğrenme stilleri bağlamında deneysel olarak incelenmesi [Experimental investigation of web 2.0 based cooperated group activities in the context of learning styles]. (Master’s thesis). Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 641691
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On The Horizon, 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
Semerci, Ç. (2003). Eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin geliştirilmesi [Developing critical thinking skills.] Education and Science, 28(127), 64-70.
Söylemez, Y. (2018). Üst düzey düşünme becerileri [High-level thinking skills]. Erzurum: Fenomen Yayıncılık
Şeker, H. (2017). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
Uğur, B. (2019). Teknolojinin öğrenme-öğretme süreçlerine entegrasyonuna ilişkin tasarlanan çevrimiçi bir derse yönelik öğretmen görüşleri [Teachers’ views on an online course designed for technology integration into learning teaching process]. (Master’s thesis). Hacettepe Univeristy, Ankara, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 584422
Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2010). 21st century skills. Discussienota. Zoetermeer: The Netherlands: Kennisnet, 23(03), 2000. Retrieved May 01, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3ETbTjf
Yılmaz, K. (2019). Eleştirel ve analitik düşünme [Critical and analytical thinking]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
Yurdakul, I. K., Dönmez, O., Yaman, F., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2013). Dijital ebeveynlik ve değişen roller [Digital parenting and changing roles]. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(4), 883-896.
Zhang, L. F. (2003). Contributions of thinking styles to critical thinking dispositions. Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 517-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600633