ROMA HUKUKUNDA PROFESYONEL ATLETLER İLE YAPILAN TÜKETİM ÖDÜNCÜ SÖZLEŞMELERİ

Antik Çağ’da varlıklı bir aileye mensup olmayan profesyonel atletler, beslenme, antrenman ve yarışmalara katılmak için seyahat etme zorunluluğundan doğan giderleri karşılama olanağından yoksundular. Bu masrafları karşılayabilmek için tüketim ödüncü sözleşmeleri yaparak para ödünç almak zorunda kalmaktaydılar. Roma hukukunda profesyonel atletler ile yapılan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmeleri, olağan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmelerine nazaran farklı özellikler taşımaktaydı. Öncelikle bir profesyonel atlet katıldığı yarışmalardan zafer ve ödül kazanmadığı sürece almış olduğu ödüncü ödemek zorunda değildi. Atletlerle yapılan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmelerinin olağan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmelerinden ayrıldığı diğer bir nokta faiz konusundaydı. Olağan bir tüketim ödüncü sözleşmesinde faiz talep edilebilmesi için bunun ödünç sözleşmesinden ayrı olarak stipulatio adı verilen sözlü şekle bağlı bir sözleşme ile ayrıca taahhüt edilmiş olması gerekiyordu. Atletler ile yapılan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmelerinde ise, şekle bağlı olmayan bir “pactum”un (anlaşmanın) yapılması, faiz talep edilebilmesi için yeterli görülüyordu ve stipulatio yapılması zorunluluğu aranmıyordu. Atletlerle yapılan tüketim ödüncü sözleşmeleri bu yönleriyle deniz ödüncü sözleşmelerine benzerlik göstermekteydi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Roma Hukuku, Tüketim Ödüncü Sözleşmesi (Mutuum), Profesyonel Atlet, Atletizm Yarışmaları (Agones-Certamina Athletarum), Faiz

LOAN CONTRACTS WITH PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES IN ROMAN LAW

In antiquity, professional athletes were unable to cover the expenses for nutrition, training and travelling to participate competitions, unless they belonged to a wealthy family. In order to cover these expenses, they had to borrow money by concluding loan contracts. In Roman law, loan contracts with professional athletes had different features compared to ordinary loan contracts. First of all, a professional athlete did not have to pay the loan he received, unless he won victories and awards from the competitions he participated in. Another point where loan contracts with professional athletes differed from the ordinary loans is interest. In order to be able to claim interest on an ordinary loan agreement, it was necessary to extract a promise from the borrower in the form of a separate verbal contract (stipulatio), besides the ordinary loan contract. On the other hand, regarding the loan contracts with professional athletes, there was no need to conclude a stipulatio in order to demand interest, rather it was sufficient to conclude a formless pactum (agreement). Loan contracts with athletes resemble maritime loans in these aspects.

Keywords:

Roman Law, Loan for Consumption (Mutuum), Professional Athlete, Athletics (Agones-Certamina Athletarum), Interest,

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