Sürdürülebilir Bir Gazetecilik Mümkün mü?

ÖZ İnsanlık tarih boyunca ekonomik, toplumsal ve çevresel alanda birçok kriz yaşamış, bu bunalımların aşılması için alınan önlemler sorunların çözülmesini sağlayamamıştır. Bu krizler toplumların, sağlıklı ve güvenli olarak sürdürülebilirliğini engellemekte, gezegenin geleceğini tehlikeye atabilmektedir. Hâl bu iken toplumun sürdürülebilir bir niteliğe kavuşmasında haber medyasına önemli görevler düşmektedir. Ancak haberciliğin, mevcut ekosistemde kendi sürdürülebilirlik sorunları ciddi boyutlara erişmiştir. Bu bağlamda, hem toplumun hem de gazeteciliğin sürdürülebilir kılınması için yeni bir habercilik anlayışı (sürdürülebilir gazetecilik) ortaya atılmıştır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada sürdürülebilir gazeteciliğin günümüz medya ekolojisi ve toplumsal düzen içerisinde ne denli mümkün olduğu alanyazın taraması yöntemi ile test edilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre gazetecilik, barındırdığı kusurları ile günümüz koşullarında sürdürülebilir bir boyuta ulaşamamış, yakın gelecekte de erişmesi zor görünmektedir. Habercilik pratiği, çevre dostu haber üretimi, çevre haberciliği ve gelir modelleri yaratma konusundaki eksikliklerin giderilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak sürdürülebilirlik adına yapılan çevresel, ekonomik ve habercilik pratiği alanındaki girişimlerin dikkate değer olduğunu dile getirmek gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir gazetecilik, Gelir modelleri, Ticarileşme, Çevre haberciliği, Magazinelleşme

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sürdürülebilir gazetecilik, Gelir modelleri, Ticarileşme, Çevre haberciliği, Magazinelleşme

Is Sustainable Journalism Possible?

ABSTRACT Humanity has experienced many economic, social and environmental crises throughout history, and the measures taken to overcome these crises have failed to solve the problems. These crises prevent the sustainability of societies in a healthy and safe manner and can threaten the future of the planet. As such, the news media has an important role to play in ensuring a sustainable society. However, the sustainability problems of journalism in the current ecosystem have reached serious dimensions. In this context, a new understanding of journalism (sustainable journalism) has been put forward to make both society and journalism sustainable. Therefore, this study tests the extent to which sustainable journalism is possible in today's media ecology and social order through a literature review. According to the findings, journalism, with its flaws, has not reached a sustainable dimension in today's conditions and and it seems difficult to do so in the near future. It has been determined that the deficiencies in journalistic practice, environmental-friendly news production, environmental journalism and creating revenue models have not been eliminated. However, it should be noted that the environmental, economic and journalistic initiatives in the field of sustainability are noteworthy.

Keywords:

Sustainable journalism, Revenue models, Commercializilation, Environmental journalism, Tabloidization,

PDF

___

Adıyaman, F. (2021). Gazetecilik öğrencilerinin girişimcilik deneyimi: Observeturkey örneği. E-Kurgu, 29(1), 1-20.
Adjin-Tettey, T.D., Garman, A., Krüger, F., Olausson, U., Berglez, P., Tallert, L., Berger, G. & Fritzon, V. (2021). Towards sustainable journalism in sub-Saharan Africa. Fojo Media Institute.
ADL (2021). Online hate and harassment: The American experience 2021. ADL Center for Technology and Society.
Apak, D. (2021). Pandemi döneminde yavaş gazetecilik: The Guardian gazetesi örneği. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 329-349.
Asikainen, J. (2020, 27 Eylül). Searching for sustainability in journalism. https://nordmedianetwork.org/latest/news/searching-for-sustainability-in-journalism/ Atalay, G. E. (2018). Blokzincir teknolojisi ve gazeteciliğin geleceği. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 45-54.
BAFTA (2022, 14 Haziran). BAFTA albert annual review of 2021 reveals TV emissions stay low post-lockdown as industry turns attention to making impact on screen. https://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/bafta-albert-annual-review-reveals-tv-emissions-stay-low-post-lockdown
Bakowski, P. (2022). Combating hate speech and hate crime in the EU. European Parliamentary Research Service.
Bale, H. (2022, 17 Ekim). Is solutions journalism the industry’s answer to trust and retention? https://www.inma.org/blogs/newsroom-initiative/post.cfm/is-solutions-journalism-the-industry-s-answer-to-trust-and-retention
Bali, Ş. (2021, 5 Haziran). Çevre haberciliği: gazeteciler felaketleri duyurmakla kalmayıp çözümleri de kamuoyuna anlatmalı. https://journo.com.tr/cevre-haberciligi
BBC (2021). BBC group annual report and accounts 2020/21. BBC.
BBC News (2017a, 2 Haziran). YouTube clarifies hate speech rules. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40119303
BBC News (2017b, 18 Aralık). Twitter's hate speech rules are expanded. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42376546
Berglez, P., Olausson, U., & Ots, M. (2017). What is sustainable journalism? An introduction. İçinde P. Berglez, U. Olausson ve M. Ots (Editörler), What is sustainable journalism? Integrating the environmental, social, and economic challenges of journalism (ss. xi-xxvi). Peter Lang.
Berglez, P. (2023). Ten news value criteria for sustainable journalism. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00105_1
Bingöl, M. ve Yanık, H. (2021). Tık tuzağı habercilik açısından kamu-ticari haber sitelerinin karşılaştırılması: Trthaber.com ile Milliyet.com.tr Örneği. Yeni Medya, (11), 18-37.
Birnbauer, B. (2019). The rise of nonprofit investigative journalism in the United States. Routledge.
BM (2022, 24 Mayıs). Hate speech is rising around the world. https://www.un.org/en/hate-speech.
BM İnsan Hakları Ofisi (2021, 23 Mart). Report: online hate increasing against minorities, says expert. https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/03/report-online-hate-increasing-against-minorities-says-expert.
Bolles, L. A. ve Miller, A. N. (2021, 30 Nisan). Media analysis of coverage of environmental issues in the midst of a pandemic. Thinking Matters Symposium. https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155&context=thinking-matters-symposium.
Boykoff, M., Church, P., Katzung, J., Nacu-Schmidt, A. & Pearman, O. (2021). A review of media coverage of climate change and global warming in 2020. Media and climate change observatory. Cooperative Institute for research in environmental sciences, University of Colorado.
Boykoff, M., Aoyagi, M., Ballantyne, A. G., Benham, A., Bruns, C., Chandler, P., Daly, M., Doi, K., Fernández-Reyes, R., Hawley, E., Hwang, K., Lee, K., Lyytimäki, J., McAllister, L., Mervaala, E., Mocatta, G., Nacu-Schmidt, A., Oonk, D., Osborne-Gowey, J., Pearman, O., Petersen, L.K., Simonsen, A.H., & Ytterstad, A. (2023). World newspaper coverage of climate change or global warming, 2004-2023. Media and climate change observatory data sets. Cooperative Institute for research in environmental sciences, University of Colorado.
BT Sport (2022, 28 Eylül). Our commitment to sustainability. https://www.bt.com/sport/features/our-sustainability-commitment-green-routine
Budak, E. (2018). Türkiye’de yayın yapan uluslararası haber organları üzerine ekonomi-politik bir inceleme. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(3), 344-357.
Budak, E. (2022). Haberciliğin odak noktası yapıcı gazetecilik ile değişiyor mu?. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (8), 248-267.
Budak, E. (2023). İklim krizi çağında çevre haberciliği. Literatürk. C4 (2022, 1 Mart). Sustainable production. https://www.channel4.com/commissioning/production-information/sustainable-production.
Calandra, D., Secinaro, S., Massaro, M., Mas, F. D. & Bagnoli, C. (2022). The link between sustainable business models and blockchain: a multiple case study approach. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3195
Carufel, A. (2022, 28 Ekim). How to reduce clickbait on Facebook. https://www.trueanthem.com/reduce-clickbait-on-facebook/
CBC (2022). Our sustainability commitments: greening our story. https://www.cbc.ca/independentproducers/our-commitments/sustainability
Chi, W. (2023). Impact of sensationalized media coverage and perception on current events in Myanmar. International Journal of Sociology, 7(2), 1-12.
Chironda, M. (2023, 23 Mart). Africa: how sustainable journalism is crucial for creating a better future. https://allafrica.com/stories/202303230591.html
Chomsky, N. ve Herman, E. (2012). Rızanın imalatı: kitle medyasının ekonomi politiği (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.). Bgst Yayınları.
Clark, D. (2010, 4 Kasım). What's the carbon footprint of a newspaper? https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/nov/04/carbon-footprint-newspaper
Climate Impact (2021, 22 Nisan). The carbon footprint of the internet. https://www.climateimpact.com/news-insights/insights/infographic-carbon-footprint-internet/
Çetinkaya, A. (2020). Çevrimiçi gazetecilikte alternatif bir gelir modeli olarak kitlesel fonlar. İçinde Ö. Erkmen, B. Ataman, B. Çoban (Editörler), Yeni gazetecilik: mecralar, deneyimler, olanaklar (ss. 82-113), Epsilon Yayınları.
Çiftçi, H. (2017). Televizyon haberciliğinde etiksel bir sorun olarak magazinleşmenin topluma etkisi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 58, 475-487.
Duell, M. (2023, 12 Nisan). Elon Musk accuses BBC reporter lying hate speech Twitter. DAILY MAIL. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11964299/Elon-Musk-accuses-BBC-reporter-lying-hate-speech-Twitter.html
Dawson, N., Molitorisz, S., Rizoiu, M. A. & Fray, P. (2023). Layoffs, inequity and Covid-19: a longitudinal study of the journalism jobs crisis in Australia from 2012 to 2020. Journalism, 24(3), 531-559.
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2022, 1 Eylül). Infodemics and misinformation negatively affect people’s health behaviours, new WHO review finds. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/01-09-2022-infodemics-and-misinformation-negatively-affect-people-s-health-behaviours--new-who-review-finds
EJN (2022). What we do. https://earthjournalism.net/what-we-do
Ergün, S. (2022). Dijital dönüşüm bağlamında girişimci gazetecilik ve Türkiye’deki uygulamaları [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
Facebook (2022, 23 Kasım). Şeffaflık merkezi: nefret söylemi. https://transparency.fb.com/tr-tr/policies/community-standards/hate-speech/
Fang, K. (2022). The tabloidization of party media: how the people’s daily and CCTV adapt to social media. İçinde S. I. Zhang (Editör), Digital journalism in China (ss. 48-60). Routledge.
Fang, K. ve Repnikova, M. (2022). The state-preneurship model of digital journalism innovation: cases from China. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27 (2), 497-517.
Foça, M. A. (2022, 26 Ekim). Dezenformasyonla bağımsız mücadelenin öncüsü Teyit altı yaşında. https://teyit.org/ekipten/dezenformasyonla-bagimsiz-mucadelenin-oncusu-teyit-alti-yasinda
Garbe, L. vd. (2023). How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech information. Communication & Society, 26(1), 86-103.
Gencel Bek, M. (2022). Reclaiming and tabloidizing truth in Turkey. İçinde M. Conboy ve S. A. Eldridge II (Editörler), Global Tabloid (ss. 198-212). Routlegde.
Georgiev, L. (2023, 19 Nisan). 18 eye-opening fake news statistics for 2023. https://techjury.net/blog/fake-news-statistics/#gref
Glaser, M. (2020, 7 Ocak). 5 business models for local news to watch in 2020. https://knightfoundation.org/articles/5-business-models-for-local-news-to-watch-in-2020/
Goyanes, M., Scheffauer, R., & Zuniga, H. G. (2023). News distribution and sustainable journalism: effects of social media news use and media skepticism on citizens paying behavior. Mass Communication and Society, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2023.2169164
Gupta, N. (2021, 4 Ağustos). How South Africa’s News24 garnered 31K paying subscribers in 9 months. https://wan-ifra.org/2021/08/how-south-africas-news24-garnered-31k-paying-subscribers-in-9-months/
Haagerup, U. (2015). Constructive news: why negativity destroys the media and democracy-and how to improve journalism of tomorrow. InnoVatio Publishing.
Ho, G. (2021, 6 Mayıs). SPH to restructure media business into not-for-profit entity to support quality journalism. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sph-to-restructure-media-business-into-not-for-profit-entity
Hrant Dink Vakfı (2023). Hate speech in the press: our selections from march. https://hrantdink.org/en/asulis/activities/projects/media-watch-on-hate-speech/3962-hate-speech-in-the-press-our-selections-from-march
HT Media (2017). Business responsibility report. HT Media Limited.
Hunter, L. Y. ve Biglaiser, G. (2022). The effects of social media, elites, and political polarization on civil conflict. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, http://10.1080/1057610X.2022.2163461.
ITV (2022). ITV social purpose impact report 2022. ITV.
İşeri, E. ve Ersoy, M. (2021). Framing the syrian operations: populism in foreign policy and the polarized news media of Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 15, 2870–2893.
Jjuuko, M. (2020). Environmental journalism in East Africa: opportunities and challenges in the 21st century. İçinde D. B. Sachsman ve J. M. Valenti (Editörler), Routledge Handbook of Environmental Journalism (ss. 354-365). Routledge.
Kap, D. (2021, 5 Ekim). Türkiye’de iklim medyası (5): K2 haber: alternatif ve yeşil bir medya olma gayretindeyiz. https://www.sivilsayfalar.org/2021/10/05/turkiyede-iklim-medyasi-5-k2-haber-alternatif-ve-yesil-bir-medya-olma-gayretindeyiz/
Karatabanoğlu, S. (2021, 11 Mayıs). Gazetecilikte değişen odak: çözüm gazeteciliği. NewslabTurkey. https://www.newslabturkey.org/2021/05/11/gazetecilikte-degisen-odak-cozum-gazeteciligi/
Karma Metrix (2022, 23 Eylül). What is the internet carbon footprint? https://karmametrix.com/blog/web-sustainability/internet-carbon-footprint-data/#:~:text=From%20its%20data%20centers%20located,expected%20to%20increase%20by%202025
Karyl, D. ve Talde, J. C. (2022). Tabloidization in Philippine online news media: a content analysis. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 4(4), 55-61.
Kasap, M. A. (2022). Haber değerinin değişimi, dijitalleşme ve tabloidleşme: Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı ve TV haberleri. The Journal of Communication and Social Studies, 2(2), 192-208.
Katlar, M. F. (2021, 19 Ağustos). Türkiye’de çevre gazeteciliği görmezden geliniyor. https://melissafezakatlar.medium.com/t%C3%BCrkiyede-%C3%A7evre-gazetecili%C4%9Fi-g%C3%B6rmezden-geliniyor-99c49be53f83
Kızılkaya, E. ve Ütücü, B. (2021). Türkiye’de ‘yeni ana akım’ yükseliyor, (Ve desteğe ihtiyacı var): Türkiye’de bağımsız gazeteciliğin dijital kapasitesi, etkisi ve ihtiyaçları. Türkiye Dijital Medya Raporu, Uluslararası Basın Enstitüsü (IPI) Türkiye Ulusal Komitesi.
Korkmaz, G. (2020a, 24 Aralık). Medya kuruluşları hangi reklam türleri ile gelirlerini artırabilir? https://www.newslabturkey.org/2020/12/24/medya-kuruluslari-hangi-reklam-turleri-ile-gelirlerini-artirabilir/
Kovarik, B. (2020). The rise of environmental journalism in Asia, Africa and Latin America. İçinde D. B. Sachsman ve J. M. Valenti (Editörler), Routledge handbook of environmental journalism (ss. 52-69). Routledge.
Kyeyune, H. (2020, 20 Mayıs). Uganda: pandemic hits the newspaper industry hard. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/uganda-pandemic-hits-the-newspaper-industry-hard/1847132
Lefkowitz, J. (2022). Tabloidization in the internet age. İçinde M. Conboy ve S. A. Eldridge II (Editörler), Global Tabloid (ss. 34-55). Routlegde.
Lischka, J. A. ve Garz, M. (2021). Clickbait news and algorithmic curation: a gametheory framework of the relation between journalism, users, and platforms. NewMedia & Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211027174
Lu, Y. ve Pan, J. (2021). Capturing clicks: how the chinese government uses clickbait to compete for visibility. Polıtıcal Communıcatıon, 38(1–2), 23-54.
Lukman, E. (2020, 9 Kasım). Tech in Asia shares insights on paywalls and the future of media. https://www.contentgrip.com/tech-in-asia-indonesia-paywall-journalism/
Macdonald, T. ve Fisher, A. (2021, 28 Haziran). Cable news programs lag behind their broadcast news counterparts in linking climate change to the Pacific northwest heat wave. https://www.mediamatters.org/cable-news/cable-news-programs-lag-behind-their-broadcast-news-counterparts-linking-climate-change
Macleod, F. (2020). Swashbuckling tales: oxpeckers peck away at the digital future of environmental journalism. İçinde D. B. Sachsman ve J. M. Valenti (Editörler), Routledge Handbook of Environmental Journalism (ss. 343-353). Routledge.
Magin, M., Steiner, M., Hauptli, A., Stark, B. & Udris, L. (2022). Is Facebook driving tabloidization? a cross-channel comparison of two German newspapers. İçinde M. Conboy ve S. A. Eldridge II (Editörler), Global Tabloid (ss. 56-74). Routlegde.
Magin, M. (2019). Attention, please! structural influences on tabloidization of campaign coverage in German and Austrian elite newspapers (1949–2009). Journalism, 20(12), 1704-1724.
Maher, B. (2022, 24 Şubat). Independent posts record £5.5m operating profit for 2021. https://pressgazette.co.uk/news/independent-reports-139-profit-increase-in-two-years/
MeCCO (2021). Special issue 2021: a review of media coverage of climate change and global warming in 2021. https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/summaries/special_issue_2021.html
Media Matters (2022, 9 Eylül). National TV news networks barely mention climate change as record-breaking heat dome cooks the west. https://www.mediamatters.org/broadcast-networks/national-tv-news-networks-barely-mention-climate-change-record-breaking-heat
Media Prima Berhat (2022). Sustainibility report 2021. Media Prima Berhat.
Patreon (2023, 24 Ağustos). Medyascope. https://www.patreon.com/medyascopetv
Mehta, H. (2021, 27 Ekim). Sustainability in the media industry: 10 ways public broadcasters are reducing their environmental impact. https://www.ebu.ch/news/2021/10/sustainability-in-the-media-industry-10-ways-public-broadcasters-are-reducing-their-environmental-impact
Miller, T. (2015). Unsustainable journalism. Digital Journalism, 3 (5), 653-663.
Mishra, M. (2020). Environmental journalism in India: past, present, and future. İçinde D.B. Sachsman ve J. M. Valenti (Editörler), Routledge handbook of environmental journalism (ss. 291-305). Routledge.
Moore, M. ve Ramsay, G. (2021). United Kingdom: economic challenges, market consolidation and increasing professional insecurity. İçinde J. Trappel ve T. Tomaz (Editörler), The Media for Democracy Monitor 2021: how leading news media survive digital transformation (ss. 455-519). Nordicom.
Mowar, P. vd. (2021). Clickbait in YouTube: prevention, detection and analysis of the bait using ensemble learning. Arxiv-Computer Science, 1-26, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.08611
New York Times (2022). The New York Times company: 2022 annual report. New York Times Company. Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Robertson, C. T., Eddy, K. & Nielsen R. K. (2022). Reuters institute digital news report 2022. Reuters Institute and Oxford University.
News Corporation (2023). News Corporation reports second quarter results for fiscal 2023. News Corporation Australia.
Newsworks (2023, 6 Haziran). Study: over 80% of people in the UK regularly come across fake news. https://www.newsworks.org.uk/news-and-opinion/study-over-80-of-people-in-the-uk-regularly-come-across-fake-news/#:~:text=across%20fake%20news-,Study%3A%20Over%2080%25%20of%20people%20in%20the%20UK,regularly%20come%20across%20fake%20news&text=The%20newspaper%20industry%20marketing%20body,fake%20news%20at%20least%20once
Nikoleychuk, A. (2022, 20 Temmuz). $115M in ad spend lost to clickbait sites, report finds. https://www.searchenginejournal.com/ad-spend-clickbait-report/458225/#close
NMG (2021). Sustainability report. Media of Africa for Africa. Annual Reports &Financial Statements. NMG.
Ntibinyane, N. (2020, 29 Mayıs). Journalism in jeopardy: mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on newspapers. https://www.africaportal.org/features/saving-journalism-mitigating-impact-covid-19-newspapers/
Nyarko, J. (2023). Media diversification: redefining reliance on advertising revenue and autonomy implications. Cogent Social Sciences, 9 (1), 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2193382
O’Driscoll, A. (2023, 21 Mart). Online hate crime statistics and facts of 2020-2023. https://www.comparitech.com/blog/information-security/online-hate-crime-statistics/
Olaigbe, O. (2021, 14 Aralık). A new wave of environmental journalism is raising awareness in Africa. https://ijnet.org/en/story/new-wave-environmental-journalism-raising-awareness-africa
Olaito, Y. (2023, 21 Mart). Sustainable journalism: what is unique? https://www.thecable.ng/sustainable-journalism-unique
Oliver, L. (2021, 21 Eylül). How an Asian business site attracted 30,000 subscribers by publishing one story a day. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/how-asian-business-site-attracted-30000-subscribers-publishing-one-story-day
Oliver, L. (2022, 26 Mayıs). These reader revenue models keep in mind people who won't pay full price (yet). https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/these-reader-revenue-models-keep-mind-people-who-wont-pay-full-price-yet
Pakkan, Ş. (2021). Medyanın suskunluk sınavı: ekonomi-politik yaklaşım çerçevesinde Berat Albayrak istifa haberinin Türk yazılı basınına yansıması. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(20), 175-212.
Pavlichenko, L. (2022). Polarization in media political discourse on the war in Ukraine: critical discourse analysis. Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology, 2(24), 214-223.
Peysakhovich, A. ve Hendrix, K. (2016, 4 Ağustos). Further reducing clickbait in feed. https://about.fb.com/news/2016/08/news-feed-fyi-further-reducing-clickbait-in-feed/
Poornananda, D. S. (2022). Reporting on environmental concerns and climate change in India. Sage.
PRN Asia (2021, 1 Şubat). 2021 Asia-Pacific media landscape outlook. https://en.prnasia.com/blog/2021/02/2021-asia-pacific-media-landscape-outlook-highlights/
Public Media Alliance (2022, 16 Eylül). How ZDF is on the way to becoming a climate-neutral public media organisation. https://www.publicmediaalliance.org/how-zdf-is-on-the-way-to-becoming-a-climate-neutral-public-media-organisation/
Puijk, R. vd. (2021) Local newspapers transition to online publishing and video use: Experiences from Norway. Journalism Studies, 22(9), 1123-1141.
Pulitzer Center (2019, 1 Ocak). Latin American media outlets call for increased climate reporting. https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/latin-american-media-outlets-call-increased-climate-reporting
Olsen, R. K. (2021) The value of local news in the digital realm-introducing the integrated value creation model. Digital Journalism, 9(6), 810-834.
Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Tejedor, S. & Castillo-Abdul, B. (2021). From the immediacy of the cybermedia to the need for slow journalism: experiences from Ibero-America. Journalism Practice, 16(8), 1578-1596.
Sabahçı, B. (2022). İnternet haberlerinde nefret ve ayrımcı söylemler: örnek olaylarla içerik analizi. Electronic Cumhuriyet Journal of Communication, 4(2), 22-32.
Schiller, H. (2005). Zihin yönlendirenler (C. Cerit, Çev.). Pınar Yayınları.
Sky Sports (2022, 31 Ocak). Sky Sports News receives albert certification for carbon neutral status. https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12529733/sky-sports-news-receives-albert-certification-for-carbon-neutral-status
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339.
Söğüt, Y. Öngel, A. (2022). Yeni medya-dijitalleşme ve tık odaklılık: Habertürk ve Hürriyet gazetesi örneği. ESAM Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 212-230.
Sözcü (2022, 11 Ağustos). Sözcü’den dev geri dönüşüm projesi: eski gazetelerinizi kapınızdan alıyoruz. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2022/gundem/sozcuden-dev-geri-donusum-projesi-eski-gazetelerinizi-kapinizdan-aliyoruz-7300900/
Statista (2023). Digital market insights: digital media. https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-media/africa
Stoddart, M. C., Ramos, H., Foster, K. & Yla-Antilla, T. (2023). Competing crises? Media coverage and framing of climate change during the Covid-19 pandemic. Environmental Communication, 17(3), 276-292.
Strawberry Blond (2020). We are Albert. http://www.strawberryblond.co.uk/2020/07/24/we-are-albert/
Sundin, E. (2017). News-savvy kids and the sustainability of journalism. İçinde P. Berglez, P., U. Olausson ve M. Ots (Editröler), What is sustainable journalism? Integrating the environmental, social, and economic challenges of journalism (ss. 151-160). Peter Lang.
SWM (2023). Sustainibility media 2022. Seven West Media.
Şahin, M. (2020). İklim değişikliği ve bilim gazeteciliği: Avustralya yangınları haberlerinde bilim izi. e-Gifder, 8(2), 1011-1030.
Talbot, D. (2023, 9 Mart). Newspaper sales statistics. https://wordsrated.com/newspaper-sales-statistics/
Tallert, L. (2021, 1 Mart). Transforming traditional journalism into sustainable journalism. https://peoplepowertruth.com/transforming-traditional-journalism-into-sustainable-journalism/ Teyit.org. (2023, 8 Mart). Yalan söylemeyi öğrenmek: dezenformasyon üretmede ustalaşan yapay zekâ araçları. https://teyit.org/teyitpedia/yalan-soylemeyi-ogrenmek-dezenformasyon-uretmede-ustalasan-yapay-zeka-araclari
TG4 (2021, 19 Ocak). TG4 commits to sustainable practices with introduction of mandatory use of albert carbon calculator on all productions. https://www.tg4.ie/en/information/press/press-releases/2021-2/tg4-commits-to-sustainable-practices-with-introduction-of-mandatory-use-of-albert-carbon-calculator-on-all-productions/
Thapa, S., Shah, A., Jafri, F., Naseem, U. & Razzak, I. (2022). A multi-modal dataset for hate speech detection on social media: case-study of russia-ukraine conflict. [Conference presentation full text]. 5th Workshop on Challenges and Applications of Automated Extraction of Socio-political Events from Text (CASE), Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The Guardian (2019, 15 Ekim). The Guardian’s environmental pledge 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2019/oct/16/the-guardians-climate-pledge-2019
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D. & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14, 207-222.
Trkulja, V. (2021, 19 Kasım). Overview of the most popular media business models. https://journalift.org/overview-of-the-most-popular-media-business-models/
TRT (2022). Faaliyet raporu 2021. TRT. Ugarte, R. A. (2022). Supporting media viability in the Americas: towards sustainable journalism. Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Informacion, Universidad de Palermo.
Ulaş, T. ve Baloğlu, E. (2021). Dijital çağda haber doğrulama ve güvenilirlik. İçinde O. Araslı ve S. Tiryaki (Editörler), Gazetecilik ve haber: süreklilik, değişim ve dijitalleşme (ss. 169-192). Palet Yayınları.
Umukoro, E. S. (2020). Newspaper framing of hate speeches in Nigeria: an analysis of selected newspapers. Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 15(1), 79-91.
UNESCO (2022a). Journalism is a public good: world trends in freedom of expression and media development global report 2021/2022. UNESCO.
UNESCO (2022b). Finding the funds for journalism to thrive. UNESCO.
Uzunoğlu, S. ve Karaca, H. S. (2021). Haber medyasında iklim krizi. NewslabTurkey Research Hub.
Uzunoğlu, S. ve Uyar, V. (2021). Türkiye’nin dijital haber odalarının gelir modelleri. NewslabTurkey Research Hub.
Valdeon, R. A. (2022). Translation and the tabloidization of the New York Times in Spanish. The Translator, https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2022.2145880
Vojinovic, M., Torlak, N., Davidov, T. & Dozet, D. (2022). Journalism and tabloidization. International Journal of Management Trends: Key Concepts and Research, 1(1), 52-54.
Volkohon, K. (2022). Framing the Russia-Ukraine war: the case of the most popular Russian and Ukrainian Telegram news channels [Master Thesis]. Jönköping University.
Wang, T. L. (2012). Presentation and impact of market-driven journalism on sensationalism in global TV news. International Communication Gazette, 74(8), 711-727.
Waterson, J. (2022, 20 Temmuz). Guardian Media Group records strongest financial results since 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/jul/20/guardian-media-group-records-strongest-financial-results-since-2008
Watson, A. (2022, 12 Eylül). News subscriptions worldwide-statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/9866/news-subscriptions-worldwide/
Watson, A. (2023, 1 Şubat). Leading English-language news websites worldwide from March 2021 to May 2022, by number of digital-only subscriptions. https://www.statista.com/statistics/785919/worldwide-number-of-digital-newspaper-subscribers/
Wendling, M. (2023, 13 Nisan). Twitter and hate speech: what's the evidence? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65246394
Yan, X. (2020). Remodeling newsonomics: a study of the transformation of business models in journalism [Master Thesis]. MIT.
Yaylagül, L. (2018). Dallas W. Smythe’nin iletişimin ekonomi politiği alanına katkısı. İnönü Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi (İNİF E-Dergi), 3(2), 63-74.
YLE (2021). YLE’s year 2021: environmental responsibility in 2021. https://yle.fi/aihe/s/10002660
Yumrutaş, M. (2022). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde aşı haberleri ve haber doğrulama platformları: “Doğruluk Payı” ve “Teyit” örnekleri. Etkileşim, (9), 194-222.
Yücel, Ö. F. ve Aydın, A. (2022). Yeni medyada toplum merkezli habercilik anlayışı olarak yavaş gazetecilik. Yeni Medya, (13), 354-375.
Zhao, B., Ren W., Zhu, Y. & Zhang, H. (2023). Manufacturing conflict or advocating peace? A study of social bots agenda building in the Twitter discussion of the Russia-Ukraine war. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2189201