11929

اللغة العربية تعلُّمُها وتعلِيمُها عند القدماء

درست في هذا البحث تعلُّم اللغة العربية وتعليمها عند القدماء، وجاء ذلك في عدة مطالب بعد التوطئة، وهي: علاقة اللغة العربية بالقرآن الكريم: درست فيه كيفية نشأة فروع العربية: المعجم العربي، والنحو، والرسم الإملائي، والبلاغة، و قررتُ أن نشأتها كانت نشأة قرآنية. وأتبعتُ ذلك بدراسة العلماء الأوائل غير العرب وإسهاماتهم في تعلّم اللغة العربية وتعليمها، حيث ذكرت خمسة من علماء العربية غير العرب المُقتَدَى بهم في مؤلفاتهم، التي هي منارة تعليمٍ للعربية، وهؤلاء هم: سيبويه، والزجاجي، وأبو علي الفارسي، وابن جني، والزمخشري. وتابعت ذلك بدراسةِ معلِّمِي الكُتَّاب، حيث ذكرت مجموعة من مُعلِّمي الصبيان الذين كانوا يُعلِّمونهم الكتابة والقرآن الكريم، وأتبعت ذلك بالعلماء المؤدِّبُين، وهؤلاء في درجة أعلى من درجة معلِّمي الصبيان، حيث يشترط فيهم العلم الواسع، وقد اختِير كثيرٌ منهم لتأديب أولاد الخلفاء، وأولاد الأمراء، وقد ذكرتُ مجموعة منهم. بعد الحديث عن المعلمين كان الحديث عن منهج المعلمين القدماء، والمنهج الذي ذكرته هو ما اشترطه محمد بن سحنون(المتوفى256هـ) على المعلِّم في رسالته، فإنه اشترط على المؤدِّب في تعليمه فنونا جعلها على قسمين: إجباري، واختياري؛ فالإجباري القرآن الكريم وما يتعلق به. والاختياري: الحساب، و الشعر، و أخبار العرب وأنسابهم، وهو التاريخ المُكَمِّل للأدب، وجميع النحو و الغريب والعربية، والخط الحسن، وتدريب الصبيان على الخطابة. ثم جاءت الخاتمة التي ذكرت فيها نتائج البحث وتوصياته.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

العربية, التَعلُّم, التعليم, معلمو اللغة, المُؤدِّبون, المنهج

Learning and Teaching the Arabic Language (In the Context of Early Islamic Scholars)

In this research, I studied the issue of learning and teaching the Arabic language in the context of the scholers of early islamic centuries. After giving a short introduction, the subject was studied into the following parts: Fistly, the relationship between the Arabic language and the Holy Qur’an is exemined. In this part, the research focused on how the branches of the Arabic language such as the Arabic lexicon, grammar, orthography and rhetoric have been originated. I argued, in this context, that the genesis of those branches were of a Qur’anic nature. Secondly, the early non-Arab scholars and their contributions to the learning and teaching of the Arabic language are studied. I mentioned here five non-Arab scholars whose books are like lighthouse for education of Arabic language. These scholars are, respectively: Sibawayh, Al-Zajjaji, Abu Ali Al-Farisi, Ibn Jinni, and Al-Zamakhshari. Thirdly, teachers of Al-kottab are examined. In that part of the work, I have mentioned a group of those teachers who were teaching kids the Holy Qur’an as well as the writing of the Arabic language in kottabs. Forthly, the educator scholars are worked on. They are in a higher degree than the kottab teachers. Having extensive knowledge is requisite for them. Many of them were chosen to educate the children of the caliphs and the children of the princes. A group of them have been mentioned in the work. Fiftly, after talking about educators, their curriculum is also discussed. The curriculum that I mentioned is what Muhammad ibn Sahnun (d. 256 AH) required on the teacher in his book. He made a condition for the educator to teach many arts, which he divided into two categories: compulsory, and optional branches. The former one is the Holy Quran and the other arts related to it and the latter one is arithmetic, poetry, Arabic history and their genealogy which is the complementary history of literature, grammar, foreign words in Arabic and Arabic language, calligraphy, and training children on public speaking. Lastly, came the conclusion in which I mentioned the results of the research and its recommendations.

Keywords:

Arabic, learning, education, language teachers, curriculum,

PDF

___

Abdulmecîd Âbidîn. el-Medhal ila Diraset en-Nahv el-Arabî ala Dav’. el-Lugât es-Samiyye. Kahire: 1951.
Abdulvâhid b. Ali Ebî et-Tayyib El-Lugavî. thk: Muhammed Ebu’l-Fazl İbrahim. Merâtibu’l-nahviyyîn. Beyrut: el-Mektebe el-Asriyye, 1430/2009.
Abduttevvâb, Ramazan. Fusul fi fıkh el-Arabiyye. Kahire: Mektebetu'l-Hâncî, 1420/1999.
Bağdâdî, Ebû Bekr Ahmed b. Alî b. Sâbit el-Hatîb. Târîhu Bagdâd. thk. Beşşâr Avvâd Marûf. Beyrut: Dar el-Garb el-İslâmî, 1422.
Bağdâdî. el-Câmiʿ li-ahlâkı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmi. thk. Mahmud et-Tahân. Riyad: Mektebtu'l-Maarif, 1983/1403.
Çelebi, Abdulfettah İsmail. Ebû Ali el-Fârisî Hayatuhu ve Mekanetuhu beyne Eimmeti et-Tefsir. Cidde: Daru’l-Matbuaat el-Hadîse.
Dânî, Ebû Amr Osmân b. Saîd b. Osmân. el-Muhkem fî nakti’l-mesâhif. thk. İzzet Hasan. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Fikr el-Muâsır, 1418/1997.
Dâvûdî, Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Alî b. Ahmed el-Mısrî. Tabakâtü’l-müfessirîn. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Kütüb el-İlmiyye, 1403/1983.
Ebü’l-Arab, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Temîm et-Temîmî. Tabakât Ulema İfrikiyye.
Enbârî, Ebû Bekr Muhammed b. el-Kâsım b. Muhammed. Kitabü'l-vakf ve'l-ibtida. thk. Muhyiddîn Abdurrahman. Şam: Matbuât Mecmu’ el-lugatü’l-Arabiyye, 1971.
Ganim Kaddûrî el-Hamed. el-Müyesser fi ilmi resm el-Mushaf ve zabtihi. Riyad: Merkez ed-Dürasât ve el-Malûmat el-Kur’âniyye bi-ma’hed, 1437/2016.
İbn Kesîr, Ebü’l-Fidâ’ İmâdüddîn İsmâîl b. Şihâbiddîn Ömer. el-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye, Ürdün, Arabistan: Beytü’l-Efkâr ed-Devliyye, 2004.
İbn Kesîr, Ebü’l-Fidâ. Tabakât Eş-Şâfi‘iyye. thk. Abdulhafid Mensur, Trablusgarb: Dâru'l-Medâr el-İslami, 2004.
İbn Haldûn, Ebû Zeyd Veliyyüddîn Abdurrahmân b. Muhammed. Mukaddime. thk. Ali Abdulvahid Vâfî. Kahire: Daru’n-nahda, 2014.
İbn Hallikân, Ebü’l-Abbâs Şemsüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed b. İbrâhîm, Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân. thk. İhsan Abbas. Beyrut: Dâr Sâdr, 1398/ 1978.
İbn Kuteybe, Ebû Muhammed Abdullâh b. Müslim b. Kuteybe ed-Dîneverî. el-Maʿârif. thk: Servet Ukâşa. Kahire: Daru’l-Maarif.
İbn Nedîm, Muhammed b. İshâk. El-Fihrist. Beyrut: Daru’l-Ma‘rife.
İbnü’l Cevzî, Ebü’l-Ferec. Keşfü müşkili hadîsi’s-Sahîhayn. thk. Ali Hasan el-Bevâb. Riyad: Daru'l-Vatan.
Kâbisî, Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Muhammed. Er-risaletü’l-Müfessile. thk. Ahmed Halid. Tunus: Eş-şeriketü et-Tunisiyye li-tevzi‘, 1986.
Kâdî İyâz, Ebü’l-Fazl İyâz b. Mûsâ b. İyâz el-Yahsubî. Tertîbü’l-medârik ve takrîbü’l-mesâlik li-maʿrifeti aʿlâmi mezhebi Mâlik. Fas: Vizaretu-l evkâf ve’ş-şüûn el-İslâmiyye, 1983/ 1403.
Kâtip Çelebi. Keşfü’z-zunûn ‘an esâmi’l-kütüb ve’l-fünûn. Beyrut: Daru’l-İhya et-Turâsu’l-Arabî.
Kemâleddin Enbârî, Ebü’l-Berekât. Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ fî tabakâti’l-üdebâʾ. Ürdün: Mektebetu Menâr, 1437/2016.
Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Ebû Ubeyde. Mecâzu’l-Kur’ân. thk. Fuat Sezgin. Kahire: Mektebetu’l-Hâncî.
Mâlikî, Ebu Bekir Abdullah b. Muhammed. Riyâd en-Nüfüs fi Tabakât Ulema El-Keyravan ve İfrikiye. Kahire: Mektebetu'l-Nahde’l-Mısrî, 1951.
Mısrî, Ebû Muhammed Abdullâh b. Vehb. el-Câmi‘ fil-ahkâm. thk. Rıfat Fevzi Abdulmuttalib, Ali Adulbâsit Mezîd. Mısır: Daru’l-vefâ, 1425/ 2005.
Muhammed Abdulmunim el-Haribe, “Dirâsetü’t-târihiyyeti ‘ani’l-icâz el-belâğî li’l-Kur’ân”. Alukah. Erişim 31 Aralık 2012. https://www.alukah.net/literature_language/0/48517/#ixzz5ySDyTKLW
Sahnûn, Muhammed b. Kitâbu Adâbu’l-Mualimîn. thk. Hasan Husnî Abdulvehhâb. Tunus: 1392/1972.
Sâmirrâi, İbrahim. “Sualât Nafi b. el-Ezrak”. Mecelletü Risâletu'l-İslam 5/6 (1968), Bagdat: Matbaatu’l-Maarif.
Şevki Dayf. el-Medârisu’n-nahviyye. Kahire: Darul-Meârif.
Sîrâfî, Ebû Saîd el-Hasen b. Abdillâh b. Merzübân. Ahbârü’n-nahviyyîne’l-Basriyyîn (Ahbârü’n-nühât). thk. Tâhâ Muhammed ez-Zeynî – Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî. Kahire: Matbaâtu Mustafâ el-Bâbî el-Halebî, 1374/1955.
Süyûtî, Celâleddin. el-İtkân fî ʿulûmi’l-Kurʾân. thk. Merkezü’d-Dirâseti’l-Kur’âniyye, Arabistan: Mücemmeu’l-Melik Fahd li Tibâati’l-Mushafi’ş-Şerîf.
Süyûtî, Ebü’l-Fazl Celâlüddîn Abdurrahmân b. Ebî Bekr b. Muhammed el-Hudayrî. Bugyetü’l-vuʿât fî tabakâti’l-lugaviyyîn ve’n-nühât. thk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim. Kahire: Maatbâtu İsâ el-Bâbî’l-Halebî, 1384/ 1965.
Yâkût el-Hamevî, Ebû Abdillâh Şihâbüddîn Yâkût b. Abdillâh el-Bağdâdî er-Rûmî. Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ. thk. İhsan Abbas. Beyrut: Daru’l-Garb el-İslamî, 1993.
Zebîdî, Ebû Bekir b. el-Hasan, Tabakât en-Nahviyyin ve‘l-lugeviyyîn. thk. Ebu’l Fazl İbrahim. Kahire: Daru'l-Maarif.
Zehebî, Ebû Abdillâh Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. Siyeru aʿlâmi’n-nübelâʾ. thk. Hasan Abdulmennân. Ürdün, Arabistan: Beytu’l-Efkar ed-Devliyye, 2004.