Kentlerde Yapı Bünyelerinde Açık ve Yeşil Mekânlar Üretme Gerekliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Bu makalede, günümüz koşularında sahip olduğumuz bilgilerin ışığında, yapı bünyelerinde üretilebilecek olan açık ve yeşil mekânların yapılma gerekliliği ile ilgili bir durum değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme, literatür taraması ile ulaşılan aşağıda özetlenmiş olan verilerin karşılaştırılması ve tartışılması ile yapılmıştır. Yapı bünyelerindeki açık ve yeşil mekânların bir yandan kentleşme ile zarar görmüş doğanın yeniden üretilmesi konusunda önemli katkılar oluştururken, diğer yandan da kentlilerin sağlıkları ve refahları ile yapı zarfının performansı üzerinde olumlu etkiler oluşturdukları görülmüştür. Tüm bu olumlu etkilerinin yanında yapı bünyelerindeki açık ve yeşil mekânların yapılarda ilave yükler ve daha karmaşık tasarım ve uygulama süreçleri ortaya çıkardıkları da görülmüştür. Yapı bünyelerinde üretilebilecek olan açık ve yeşil mekânların ortaya çıkardığı olumsuzlukların temelde bilgi eksiklikleri ve maliyet artışlarından kaynaklandığı görülmüştür. Bilgi eksikliklerinin eğitim çalışmaları ile tamamlanabileceği, maliyet artışlarının ise kentlilerin sağlıkları ve refahlarındaki artışlar ile telafi edilebileceği görülmüştür. Değerlendirmenin sonucu olarak özellikle yoğun yapılaşmış kentsel bölgelerdeki yapı bünyelerinde açık ve yeşil mekânların üretilmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yeşil yapı zarfı, yeşil yapı kabuğu, yapı bünyelerindeki açık ve yeşil mekânlar, çok katlı yapılar, kentsel yeşil alanlar, yeşil çatılar, çatı bahçeleri

Evaluation of the Necessity of Producing Open and Green Spaces in Buildings in the Cities

In this article, in today's conditions, a situation evaluation has been made about the necessity of making open and green spaces that can be produced within the buildings. Evaluation was made by comparing and discussing the data summarized below, which were obtained through literature review. While the open and green spaces in the buildings make important contributions to the restoration of the nature damaged by urbanization, it has also been seen that they have positive effects on the health and welfare of the urbanites and the performance of the building envelope. In addition to all these positive effects, it has been observed that the open and green spaces in the buildings emerge with additional loads and more complex design and construction processes in the buildings. It has been seen that above mentioned negativities are mainly caused by lack of information and cost increases. It has been seen that the lack of knowledge can be completed with educational studies, and the cost increases can be compensated from the gains in the increase of urbanites' health and welfare. As a result of the evaluation, the necessity of producing open and green spaces has emerged in the buildings of densely built urban areas.

Keywords:

green building envelope, green building shell, multi-storey buildings, green roofs, open and green spaces in buildings, roof gardens, urban green areas,

PDF

___

Adevi, A. A. ve Mårtensson, F. (2013). Stress rehabilitation through garden therapy: The garden as a place in the recovery from stress. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12(2), 230-237.
Alcock, I., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Fleming, L. E. ve Depledge, M. H. (2014). Longitudinal effects on mental health of moving to greener and less green urban areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(2), 1247-1255. doi:10.1021/es403688w
Amoly, E., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., López-Vicente, M., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., . . . Sunyer, J. (2014). Green and blue spaces and behavioural development in Barcelona schoolchildren: The BREATHE project. Environmental Health Perspective, 122(12), 1351-1358. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408215
Annerstedt, M., Östergren, P. O., Björk, J., Grahn, P., Skärbäck, E. ve Währborg, P. (2012). Green qualities in the neighbourhood and mental health – results from a longitudinal cohort study in Southern Sweden. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 275-276.
Arnberger, A. (2012). The influence of green space on community attachment of urban and suburban residents. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(1), 41–49.
Azkorra, Z., Pérez, G., Coma, J., Cabeza, L. F., Bures, S., Álvaro, J. E., . . . Urrestarazu, M. (2014). Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system. Applied Acoustics, 89(3), 46-56.
Baik, J. J., Kwak, K. H., Park, S. B. ve Ryu, Y. H. (2012). Effects of building roof greening on air quality in street canyons. Atmospheric Environment, 61(12), 48-55.
Balseviciene, B., Sinkariova, L., Grazuleviciene, R., Andrusaityte, S., Uzdanaviciute, I., Dedele, A. ve Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2014). Impact of residential greenness on preschool children’s emotional and behavioral problems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(7), 6757-6770. doi:10.3390/ijerph110706757
Barton, J. ve Pretty, J. N. (2010). What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(10), 3947-3955. doi:10.1021/es903183r
Baumann, N. (2010). Urban habitats for ground-nesting birds, insects and plants: Green roofs in Switzerland. Ecology & Urban, 80-83.
Bendtsen, H. (2010). Noise barrier design: Danish and some European examples. California: The Danish Road Institute - Road Directorate and University of California Pavement Research Center.
Bennet, S. A., Yiannakoulias, N., Williams, A. M. ve Kitchen, P. (2012). Playground accessibility and neighbourhood social interaction among parents. Social Indicators Research, 108(2), 199-213.
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J. ve Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207-1212.
Berndtsson, J. C., Bengtsson, L. ve Jinno, K. (2009). Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs. Ecological Engineering, 35, 369–380.
Bird, W. (2004). Can green space and biodiversity increase levels of physical activity? London: Faculty of Public Health of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom.
Botkin, D. B. ve Beveridge, C. E. (1997). Cities as environments. Urban Ecosystems, 1, 3–19.
British Council for Offices. (2003). Green roofs: Research advice note. London: British Council for Offices.
Broekhuizen, K., de Vries, S. I. ve Pierik, F. H. (2013). Healthy aging in a green living environment: A systematic review of the literature. Leiden: TNO report (TNO 2013 R10154).
Brown, M. (1983). Design of planting and paved areas and their role in the city. A. B. Grove & R. W. Cresswell (Der.), In city landscape içinde (ss. 87-124). Cambridge: The University press.
Burlin, M., Chomowicz, A., Cunningham, C., Elkin, D., Liptan, T., Mann, L., . . . Marriott, D. (2010). Portland ecoroof guide. Portland: Environmental Services City of Portland.
Burrage, H. (2011). Green hubs, social inclusion and community engagement. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 164(3), 167-174.
Cascone, S., Catania, F., Gagliano, A. ve Sciuto, G. (2018). A comprehensive study on green roof performance for retrofitting existing buildings. Building and Environment, 136(5), 227-239.
Chang, C. Y. ve Uan, L. L. (1999). Influences of landscape types on recovery of concentration and EMG. J. Landscape, 7 ,1-22.
Chawla, L., Keena, K., Pevec, I. ve Stanely, E. (2014). Green schoolyards as havens from stress and resources for resilience in childhood and adolescence. Health and Place, 28(7), 1-13.
Chiang, Y. C., Li, D. ve Jane, H. A. (2017). Wild or tended nature? The effects of landscape location and vegetation density on physiological and psychological responses. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167(11), 72-83.
Clark, C., Adriaens, P. ve Talbot, F. B. (2008). Green roof valuation: A probabilistic economic analysis of environmental benefits. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(6), 2155-2161.
Cohen-Cline, H., Turkheimer, E. ve Duncan, G. E. (2015). Access to green space, physical activity and mental health: A twin study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(6), 523-529.
Coon, J. T., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J. ve Depledge, M. H. (2010). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(5), 1761-1772.
Currie, B. A. ve Bass, B. (2008). Estimates of air pollution mitigation with green plants and green roofs using the UFORE model. Urban Ecosystems, 11, 409-422.
Dadvand, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Esnaola, M., Forns, J., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., . . . Sunyer, J. (2015). Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112(26), 7937-7942. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503402112
Dadvand, P., Sunyer, J., Basagaña, X., Ballester, F., Lertxundi, A., Fernández-Somoano, A., . . . Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2012). Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(10), 1481-1487. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205244
Dadvand, P., Villanueva, C. M., Font-Ribera, L., Martinez, D., Basagaña, X., Belmonte, J., . . . Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2014). Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy. Environmental Health Perspective, 122(12), 1329-1335. doi:10.1289/ehp.1308038
Dongying, L. ve Sullivan, W. C. (2016). Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148(4), 149-158.
Dunnett, N. (2006, Mayıs 11-12). Green roofs for biodiversity: Reconciling aesthetics with ecology [conference presentation abstract]. Fourth Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, Awards and Trade Show, Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Boston.
European Commision DG ENV. (2008). Science for environment policy / DG environment news alert service / Gardens in the sky: Growing green roofs for healthier city air (News Alert Issue 113), European Union: European Commission DG ENV.
Feng, H. ve Hewage, K. N. (2018). Economic benefits and costs of green roofs. G. Perez & K. Perini (Der.), Nature based strategies for urban and building sustainability içinde (ss. 307-318). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Rojas-Rueda, D., Plasència, A. ve Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016). Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review. Environment International, 86(1), 60-67.
Grant, G. (2006). Extensive green roofs in London. Urban Habitats, 4(1), 51-65.
Grazulevicience, R., Dedele, A., Danileviciute, A., Vencloviene, J., Grazulevicius, T., Andrusaityte, S., . . . Nieuwe nhuijsen, M. J. (2014). The influence of proximity to city parks on blood pressure in early pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), 2958-2972.
Grazuleviciene, R., Vencloviene, J., Kubilius, R., Grizas, V., Dedele, A., Grazulevicius, T., . . . Gidlow, C. (2015). The effect of park and urban environments on coronary artery disease patients: A randomized trial. BioMed Research International, 2015(2), 1-9.
Gregoire, B. ve Clausen, J. (2011). Effect of a modular extensive green roof on stormwater runoff and water quality. Ecol Eng, 37(6), 963-969.
Hartig, T. ve Kahn, P. H. (2016). Living in cities, naturally. Science, 352(6288), 938-940.
Hartig, T., Mang, M. ve Evans, G. W. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behaviour, 23(1), 3-26.
Health Council of The Netherlands. (2004). Nature and health. The influence of nature on social, psychological and physical wellbeing. The Hague: Dutch Advisory Council for research on Spatial Planning Nature and the Environment.
Hui, S. C. (2011, Mart 18-21). Green roof urban farming for buildings in high-density urban cities [invited paper abstract]. Hainan China World Green Roof Conference 2011, Hainan, China.
Johnston, J. ve Newton, J. (2004). Building green: A guide to using plants on roofs, walls and pavements. London: Greater London Authority.
Jorgensen, A. (2004). The social and cultural context of ecological plantings. N. Dunnett, & J. Hitchmough (Der.), Design, ecology and management of naturalistic urban planting içinde (s. 416). London: Spon Press.
Kadas, G. (2006). Rare invertebrates colonizing green roofs in London. Urban Habitats, 4(1), 66-86.
Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behavior, 5(2), 145-162.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.
Kuo, F. E. ve Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city. Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 3 (33), 343–367.
Lachowych, K. ve Jones, A. P. (2011). Greenspace and obesity: A systematic review of the evidence. Obesity Reviews, 12, 183-189.
Li, Q., Morimoto, K., Nakadai, A., Inagaki, H., Katsumata, M., Shimizu, T., . . . Kawada, T. (2007). Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 20 (2 Suppl 2), 3-8.
Liu, K. ve Baskaran, B. (2005, Eylül 27-29). Thermal performance of extensive green roofs in cold climates [conference presentation]. 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, Japan.
Lohmann, G. (1990). The effect of trees on air pollution. Urban Forests, 33, 11.
Lovasi, G. S., Quinn, J. W., Neckerman, K. M., Perzanowski, M. S. ve Rundle, A. (2008). Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62 (7), 647-649.
Luttik, J. (2000). The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48, 161-167.
Mceachan, R. R., Prady, S., Smith, G. ve Fairley, L. (2015). The association between green space and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: Moderating roles of socioeconomic status and physical activity. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(3), 1-7.
McMorris, O., Villeneuve, P. J., Su, J. ve Jerrett, M. (2015). Urban greenness and physical activity in a national survey of Canadians. Environmental Research, 137, 94-100.
Mentens, J., Raes, D. ve Hermy, M. (2005). Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), 217-226.
Monsma, J. L. (2011). A comparison of insect and spider species presence and composition across multiple vegetated roof systems. Michigan: Michigan State University.
Moran, A., Hunt, B. ve Smith, J. (2005, Mayıs 4-6). Hydrologic and water quality performance from green roofs in Goldsboro and Raleigh, North Carolina [conference presentation abstract]. Third Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, Washington DC.
Mytton, O. T., Townsend, N., Rutter, H. ve Foster, C. (2012). Green space and physical activity: An observational study using health survey for England data. Health & Place, 18(5), 1034-1041.
Ngan, G. (2004). Green roof policies: Tools for encouraging sustainable design. Vancouver: Landscape Architecture Canada Foundation.
Nowak, D. J. (2002). The effects of urban trees on air quality. Syracuse, NY: USDA Forest Services.
Osmundson, T. H. (1999). Roof gardens: History, design, and construction. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Porsche, U. ve Köhler, M. (2003, Aralık 1-5). Life cycle costs of green roofs: A comparison of Germany, USA, and Brazil [conference presentation abstract]. RIO 3 - World Climate & Energy Event, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rees, W. E. (1997). Urban ecosystems: The human dimension. Urban ecosystems, 1(1), 63-75.
Renterghem, T. V. (2017, Ağustos 27-30). Green roofs for noise reduction: Literature review and new approaches [conference presentation abstract]. Inter Noise, Hong Kong.
Renterghem, T. V., Botteldooren, D. ve Verheyen, K. (2012). Road traffic noise shielding by vegetation belts of limited depth. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 331(10), 2404-2425.
Sailor, D. J. (2007). A green roof model for building energy simulation programs. Energy and Buildings, 40(8), 1466-1478.
Sangkakool, T., Techato, K., Zaman, R. ve Brudermann, T. (2018). Prospects of green roofs in urban Thailand – A multi-criteria decision analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 40(8), 400-410.
Seeland, K., Dübendorfer, S. ve Hansmann, R. (2009). Making friends in Zurich's urban forests and parks: The role of public green space for social inclusion of youths from different cultures. Forest Policy and Economics (FPE), 11(1), 10 – 17.
Sutton, R. K. (2018). Green roofs increase structural loading costs [PDF Article in DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln]. 20 Ocak 2022 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=arch_land_facultyschol#:~:text=Adding%20a%204%2Dinch%20green,add%20%2472%20per%20square%20foot. adresinden erişildi.
Taylor, A. F. ve Kuo, F. E. (2009). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402-409.
Torrance, S., Brad, B., Scott, M., Terry, M. ve Division, T. C. (2013). City of Toronto guidelines for biodiverse green roofs. Toronto: Toronto City Planning / Zoning Bylaw and Environmental Planning.
Ulrich, R. S. (1979). Visual landscapes and psychological well-being. Landscape Research, 4(1), 17-23.
Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13(5), 523-556.
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. I. Altman, & J. F. Wohlwill (Der.), Behavior and the natural environment içinde (ss. 85-125). Boston: Springer.
Ulrich, R. S. (1984, Nisan 27). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 4647, 420-421.
United Nations. (tarih yok). Global issues overview. 30 Ocak 2020 tarihinde https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/global-issues-overview/index.html adresinden erişildi.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Vegetated roof cover: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Wu, J., Wang, M., Li, W., Peng, J. ve Huang, L. (2014). Impact of urban green space on residential housing prices: Case study in Shenzhen. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(4), 0501-4023.
Yüksel, Ü. D. (2005). Ankara kentinde kentsel ısı adası etkisinin yaz aylarıında uzaktan algılama ve meteorolojik gözlemlere dayalı olarak saptanması ve değerlendirilmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. (Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.

ISSN: 1307-9905
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2010
Yayıncı: ADAMOR Araştırma Danışmanlık Medya Organizasyon Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.