TOULON KUŞATMASI, 1793

Fransız İhtilali’nin ortaya koyduğu insan hakları ve milli egemenlik gibi kavramlar eşitsizlikler üzerinekurulu otoriter monarşilerde ciddi bir tedirginlik yarattı. Özellikle monarşiye son verilmesi ve akabindeXVI. Louis’in giyotine gönderilmesi tüm Avrupa’yı Cumhuriyet Fransası ile karşı karşıya getirdi. ArtıkFransızların temel amacı İhtilal’in kazanımlarını bunları yok etmek isteyen dış güçlere karşı muhafazaetmekti. Ancak İhtilal’i koruma mücadelesi, paradoksal olarak, İhtilal’in ilkelerinin rafa kaldırılmasınıda beraberinde getirdi. Ortaya çıkan “terör rejimi” başta Bordeaux, Lyon, Marsilya, Nimes, Montpellierve Caen gibi Fransız şehirlerindeki kraliyet taraftarlarını ve hatta ılımlı cumhuriyetçileri oldukçayakından etkiledi. Bu çok sayıdaki kilit bölgenin sakinleri mevcut idarenin baskısının da etkisiyleayaklanmaya başladı. 1793 yılında görülen bu isyan serisinin sonuncusu ise Toulon’da yaşandı.Cumhuriyet muhalifi Toulon halkı, Konvansiyon Meclisi’ne karşı XVII. Louis’i kral olarak kabul veilan etti. Başta İngilizler olmak üzere Koalisyon güçlerini yardıma çağırmayı da, hem içerisinedüştükleri tehlikeli durumdan kurtulmanın hem de mevcut rejimi değiştirmenin tek yolu olarak gördü.Britanya’nın dış politikasına bu dönemde yön veren Genç William Pitt Hükümeti ise söz konusugelişmeyi Fransa’da monarşik yapıyı yeniden tesis etmeye ve bu şekilde savaşı kısaltmaya yarayacakbir fırsat olarak ele aldı. Ancak bu önemli fırsat Koalisyon devletleri tarafından iyi bir şekildedeğerlendirilemedi ve üç buçuk ay süren kuşatma Fransızların etkin bir taarruzuyla son buldu.

The Siege of Toulon, 1793

The concepts of human rights and national sovereignty brought about by the French Revolution created serious uneasiness in authoritarian monarchies based on inequalities. In particular, the end of the monarchy and then the sending of Louis XVI to the guillotine brought the whole of Europe against the Republic of France. Now the main aim of the French was to protect the gains of the Revolution against the external forces that wanted to destroy them. But the struggle for protection of the Revolution, paradoxically, brought with it the shelving of the principles of the Revolution. The resulting “terror regime” influenced the royal supporters in French cities, especially in Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Nimes, Montpellier and Caen and deven the moderate republicans very closely. Residents of this large number of key regions began to rebel under the pressure of the current administration. The last of this rebellion series in 1793 took place in Toulon. The people of Toulon, who are opposed to the Republic, declared Louis XVII as king against the Convention. They saw calling the Coalition forces, especially the British, for help as the only way to get rid of the dangerous situation in which they had fallen and to change the existing regime. The Young William Pitt Government, who directed Britain’s foreign policy in this period, took this development as an opportunity to restore the monarchic structure in France and thus shorten the war. However, this important opportunity could not be exploited well by the Coalition states, and the siege lasted for three and a half months ended with an effective offensive of the French.

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The Parliamentary Register; Or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons; Containing an Account of the Most Interesting Speeches and Motions; Accurate Copies of the Most Remarkable Letters and Papers; of the Most Material Evidence, Petitions, &c. Laid Before and Offered to the House, During the Fourth Session of the Seventeenth Parliament of Great Britain, Vol. XXXVIII, Printed for J. Debrett, opposite Burlington House, Piccadilly, London 1794.
The Parliamentary Register; Or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Lords; Containing an Account of the Most Interesting Speeches and Motions; Accurate Copies of the Most Remarkable Letters and Papers; of the Most Material Evidence, Petitions, &c. Laid Before and Offered to the House, During the Fourth Session of the Seventeenth Parliament of Great Britain, Vol. XXXIX, Printed for J. Debrett, opposite Burlington House, Piccadilly, London 1794.
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September 17-21, 1793; September 24-28, 1793; October 8-12, 1793; October 12-15, 1793;
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