The Betrayal of the First Crusade

Bu makale Birinci Haçlı Seferi'ni yeni bir bakış açısıyla inceleyerek, Birinci Haçlı Seferi'nin başlamasının temel sebebinin sadece dini olmağını onbirinci yüzyılın Batı Avrupası'nda görülen sosyal, siyasi ve iktisadi şartların bir sonucu olduğunu tespit etmektedir

Birinci Haçlı Seferinin İhaneti

This article examines the launching of the First Crusade with a new outlook and argues that the First Crusade was not primarily and exclusively religious in nature, paradoxically, it rather was an outcome of social, political, and economic conditions of the eleventh century Western Europe

PDF

___

Al-Ath?r, Ibn. al-K?mil f? al-t? 'r?kh. ed. C. J. Tornberg, Beirut: Dar Sadir, vol. 10, 1965- 67.
Archer, Thomas Andrew and Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1919.
Armstrong, Karen. Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World. Second edition, New York: Random House, 2000.
Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Caner, Ergun Mehmet and Emir Fethi Caner. Christian Jihad: Two Former Muslims Look at the Crusades and Killing in the Name of Christ. Michigan: Kregel Publications, 2004.
Carroll, James. Crusade: Chronicles of an Unjust War. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004.
Catholic Encyclopedia. Available from http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04073a.htm
Cha, Myoung-Woon. "The Crusades, Their Influence and Their Relevance for Today." PhD thesis, Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 2006.
Karen Armstrong, "The Myth of Religious Violence," The Guardian, September 25, 2014.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/25/-sp-karen-armstrong-religious-violence-myth-secular (accessed 22 September 2015).
Chartres, Fulcher of. Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium [The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem]. In Frederick Duncan and August C. Krey, eds. Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History.New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 1912.
Cheetham, Nicolas. Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Popes from St. Peter to John Paul II. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1983.
Cole, Penny J. The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095-1270. Cambridge: The Medieval Academy of America, 1991.
Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades." In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001.
Corbett, James A. The Papacy: A Brief History.Princeton, New Jersey, NJ: D. Van Norstrand, 1956.
Cowdrey, H.E.J. "The Genesis of the Crusades: The Springs of Western Ideas of Holy War". 2009. Medievalists.Net at http://www.medievalists.net/2009/09/03/the- genesis-of-the-crusades-the-springs-of-western-ideas-of-holy-war/
Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. 3rd edition, US: Yale University Press, 2006.
Edelman, Murray. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.
France, John. "First Crusade (1096-1099)." In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Alan V. Murray. California, Colorado, and England: ABC-CLIO, 2006.
__________. The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. vol. 6, 1996. http://www.gutenberg.org/ (Accessed 17 May 2014.).
Harris, Jonathan. Byzantium and the Crusades. Second edition, London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Hirschler, Konrad. "The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative". SOAS: University of London. n.d.
Hume, David. The History of England, 8 vols. London: Hatchard, 1816.
James, Douglas, "Christians and the First Crusade", History Review, 2005, http://www.historytoday.com/douglas-james/christians-and-first-Crusade.
Krey, August C., (ed). The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants. Princeton, New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Lindberg, Carter.A brief History of Christianity.UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Lloyd, Simon. "The Crusading Movement (1096-1274)." In The Oxford History of the Crusades. Edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Translated by John Rothschild. New York: Schoken Books, 1984.
Madden, Thomas F. The Concise History of the Crusades. Third edition, Uniked Kingdom: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014.
Madden, Thomas F. The New Concise History of the Crusades. United Kingdom: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. Mastnak, Tomaz.
http://www.mirovni-institut.si/data/tinymce/Projekti/EE
vklju%C4%8Devanje/tomazmastnak.pdf
Michaud, J. F. The History of the Crusades. trans. W. Robson, volumes III, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1881.
Moss, Linda. "Pope Urban II" http://popeurbanfirstcrusade.blogspot.in/
Nicholson, Helen J. "Introduction: Definition and Scope." In Palgrave Advances in the Crusades. Edited by Helen J. Nicholson, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Pegg, Mark Gregory. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Peters, Edward, (ed). The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Charters and Other Source Materials. Second edition, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
Phillips, Jonathan. "The Call of the Crusades." History Today, Vol. 59 Issue 11, November 2009. http://www.historytoday.com/jonathan-phillips/call-crusades (Accessed 4 July 2015).
Phillips, Jonathan. Holy Warriors: A modern history of the Crusades. United Kingdom: Vintage, 2010.
Pirenne, Henri. Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York, NY: Harcourt, 1937.
Richard, Jean. The Crusades, C.1071-c.1291. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades: A Short History. London: New Haven, 1987.
_______________ (ed). The Oxford History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
_______________. What were the Crusades? Second edition, London, 1992.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Ryan, F. R. and H. S. Fink, trans. and eds. A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095- 1127. Knoxville:The University of Tennessee Press, 1969.
Setton, Kenneth M. (ed). A History of the Crusades, 6 vols. Marshall W. Baldwin (ed), "The First Hundred Years", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.
Stark, Rodney. True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Thatcher, Oliver J, trans. and McNeal, Edgar H. eds. "Pope John VIII: Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen, 878".A Source Book for Medieval History. New York: Scribners, 1905. Reproduced in Halsall, Paul, ed. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html Fordham University, 2001,
Tyerman, Christopher. God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.
__________________. The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
__________________. The Invention of the Crusades. London: Macmillan Press, 1998.
Vicari, George. "The Secular Motivations of the First Crusade". Research Report, Alabama: Maxwell Air Force Base, April (2002).pdf available from http://www.medievalists.net/2011/07/25/the-secular-motivations-of-the-first- crusade/.