Savaş Ekonomisi: İnebahtı’ya Giden Yolda İspanyol Monarşisi’nin Mali Hazırlıkları

1560 Cerbe Deniz Savaşı’nda İspanyol filosunun Osmanlı donanması tarafından büyük ölçüde imha edilmesi İspanyol Monarşisi’nin Akdeniz stratejisi bakımından bir dönüm noktası olmuş ve İspanya Kralı II. Felipe Osmanlı denizgücüyle mücadele edebilmek için güçlü bir donanma inşa edilmesini emretmişti. Buna karşılık kısa sürede İspanya’nın olağan gelirleri ile bu masrafların altından kalkamayacağı anlaşılmış ve ek gelir arayışlarına gidilmişti. Bu ek mali tedbirlerin başında soylular, din adamları ve önde gelen Kastilya şehirlerinin temsil edildiği Kastilya Meclisi’nden ek vergi talebinde bulunmak geliyordu. 1560-1571 döneminde İspanya’nın donanma hazırlıkları için kullandığı bir diğer kaynak Katolik Kilisesi’nin Hıristiyanlığın düşmanlarıyla savaşma şartı ile İspanyol yönetimine bıraktığı cruzada, excusado ve subsidio vergileriydi. İspanyol Monarşisi’ne bağlı Napoli ve Sicilya krallıkları da Akdeniz’deki savaş harcamalarına destek olmaktaydılar. Bunlara ek olarak, İspanyol denizgücünün gerektirdiği ek mali ihtiyaç borçlanma yoluyla kapatılmaktaydı. Neticede İspanya’nın 1560 yılından itibaren on yıl boyunca denizgücüne önemli kaynak aktarmasının bir sonucu olarak İspanyol donanmasının müttefikleriyle beraber 1571 İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı’nda Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin karşısına çıkabilecek bir güç haline gelmesi mümkün olabilmişti.

War Economy: Fiscal Preperations of the Spanish Monarchy on the Way to Lepanto

The destruction of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba in 1560 was a turning point for the Spanish strategy towards the Mediterrenean and thus Philip II, King of Spain ordered the construction of a strong armada in order to compete with the Ottoman seapower. However, before long, it was understood that Spain could not overcome these expenses with ordinary royal revenues and for that reason, they started to look for additional sources of income. Foremost among these financial measures was to ask additional taxes from the Cortes de Castilla in which the nobility, clergy and Castilian towns were represented. Another source of income for the Spanish naval preperations in 1560-1571 was the contribution of Catholic Church with its ecclesiastical incomes namely cruzada, excusado and subsidio taxes. Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily which were subject to the Spanish crown, also contributed to the war effort in the Mediterranean. In addition to all these sources, borrowing was another fiscal instrument to finance the Spanish seapower. Eventually, as a result of continuous investment on the Spanish seapower at least for 10 years from 1560, the Spanish managed to join the fleet of Holy League in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) with a considerable force and challange the Ottoman fleet.

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