Prerequisites for Diet Selection in Poultry

Kanatlı hayvanlara çeşitli yem hammaddeleri sunulduğunda, sürüdeki bireyler bunlardanbelli düzeylerde seçerek üretim kapasiteleri ve gerçek ihtiyaçlarına göre kendi rasyonlarınıyapma kabiliyetine sahiptirler. Bunun için, farklı besin içerikleri ihtiva eden yemhammaddeleri hayvanlar tarafından görünüş, tad, koku ve yapı özellikleriyle ayırtedilebilmeli, dahası, yem hammaddeleri duyusal özellikleri ile bunlara ait besin içeriklerinihayvanların ilişkilendirip öğrenmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Eğer hayvanlar uygun rasyonuseçmeyi öğrenirse, besin maddesi ihtiyaçları ile besin maddesi alımları arasındaki dengeyiiyileştirebilirler.

Tavukçulukta Seçmeli Yemlemenin Ön Koşulları

Individual birds in a flock of poultry have the ability to select from various feed ingredientsoffered and make up their own diet according to their actual needs and productioncapacity. For this, animals must be able to differentiate between foods with differentnutrient compositions by vision, taste, olfaction and texture, moreover, they need to betaught to associate the sensory properties of foods with their yields of nutrients. Birds canimprove the balance between their nutrient requirements and their nutrient intake if theyare taught to select an appropriate diet.

___

  • Adred-Hausberger, M., Cumming, R. B. 1985. Behavioural aspects of food selection in young chickens. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia in 1985. Ed. D. J. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale. Adred-Hausberger, M., Cumming, R. B. 1987. Social experience and selection of diet in domestic chickens. Bird Behaviour, 7:37-43. Ahmed, Z. 1984. Cited by Rose, S. P. 1984. Reducing feeding costs of growing poultry through choice- feeding: A summary of recent experiments. Scottish Agricultural Colleges Research and Development Note no. 20. Aberdeen: Scottish Agricultural College, U.K. Balog, J. M., Millar, R. I. 1989. Influence of the sense of taste on broiler chick feed consumption. Poultry Science, 68:1519-1526. Bang, B. G. 1971. Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds. Acta Anatomy, 58 (Suppl.) 1. Banta, L. 1932. What judgement does a hen use in selecting her food? Poultry Science, 11:365. Berkhoudt, H. 1985. Special sense organs: structure and function of avian taste receptors. In: Form and Function in Birds, Vol. 3. Eds. A. S. King & J. McLelland, 463-496. Academic Press Inc., London. Cadirci S, Smith WK, Mc Devitt RM. 2009. Determination of the appetite of laying hens for methionine in drinking water by using colour cue. Archiv Für Geflügelkunde, 73:21-28. Capretta, P. J. 1961. An experimental modification of food preference in chickens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54:238-242. Capretta, P. J. 1969. The establishment of food preferences in chicks (Gallus gallus). Animal Behaviour, 17: 229-231. Cooper, J. B. 1971. Coloured feed for turkey poults. Poultry Science, 50:1892-1893. Covasa, M., Forbes, J. M. 1993a. The effect of food deprivation, time of exposure and type of feed on diet selection of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 52:380A. Covasa, M., Forbes, J. M. 1993b. Exposure to choice feeding at different ages and the subsequent choice of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 52:354A. Covasa, M., Forbes, J. M. 1994a. The effect of social interaction on selection of feeds by broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 35:817. Covasa, M., Forbes, J. M. 1994b. The effect of prior training of broiler chickens on diet selection using whole wheat. Animal Production, 58:471A. Covasa, M., Forbes, J. M. 1994c. Performance of broiler chickens as affected by split time feeding and wheat-diluted diet. Proceedings of the 9th European Poultry Conference, Vol. 1, 457-458. World Poultry Science Association. Cumming, R. B. 1987. The effect of dietary fibre and choice feeding on coccidiosis in chickens. Proceedings of the 4th AAAP Animal Science Congress, 216. Hamilton, New Zealand. Dawkins, R. 1968. The ontogeny of a pecking preference in domestic chicks. Tierpsychology, 25:170- 186. Delezie, E., Maertens, L., Huyghebaert, G., Lippens, M. 2009. Can choice feeding improve performances and N-retention of broilers compared to a standard three-phase feeding schedule? British Poultry Science, 50: 573-582. Dun, P. 1977. A Comparison of Mash Plus Cereal Feeding. EHF Report No. GT 2828, Gleadthorpe, Mansfield. El Boushy, A. R. Y., Van der Poel, A. F. B. 1994. Palatability and feed intake regulations. In: Poultry Feed From Waste Processing and Use, 377-429. Chapman and Hall, London. Forbes, J. M. 2007. Learning about food: Conditioned Preferences and aversions. In: Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals, 117-143. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. Forbes, J. M. 2010. Palatability: principles, methodology and practice for farm animals. In: Animal Science Reviews, Eds. David Hemming, 229-243. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. Forbes, J. M., Covasa, M. 1995. Application of diet selection by poultry with particular reference to whole cereals. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 51:149-165. Forbes, J. M., Shariatmadari, F. 1994. Diet selection for protein by poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 50:7-24. Frantz, R. L. 1957. Form preferences in newly hatched chicks. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50:422-430. Funk, E. M. 1932. Can the chick balance its ration? Poultry science, 11:94- 97. Gentle, M. J. 1971a. The lingual taste buds of Gallus domesticus L. British Poultry Science, 12:245- 248. Gentle, M. J. 1971b. Taste and its importance to the domestic chicken. British Poultry Science, 12:77-86. Gentle, M. J. 1972. Taste preference in the chicken (Gallus Domesticus L.). British Poultry Science, 13:141- 155. Gentle, M. J. 1975. Gustatory behaviour of the chicken and other birds. In: Neural and Endocrine Aspects of Behaviour in Birds. Eds. P. Wright, P. G. Caryl & D. M. Vowles, 305-318. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Gillette, K., Martin, G. M., Bellingham, W. P. 1980. Differential use of food and water cues in the formation of conditioned aversions by domestic chicks (Gallus gallus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behaviour Processes, 6:99-111. Graham, W. R. 1932. Can we learn anything from a free-choice of feeds as expressed by chicks? Poultry Science, 11:365-366. Heaney, D. P., Pigden, W. J., Minson, D. J., Pritchard, G. I. 1963. Effect of pelleting on energy intake of sheep from forages cut at three stages of maturity. Journal of Animal Science, 22:752-757. Hess, E. H., Gogel, W. C. 1954. Natural preferences of the chick for objects of different colours. Journal of Psychology, 38:483-493. Hess, E. H., Gogel, W. C. 1956. Natural preferences of chicks and ducklings for objects of different colours. Psychological Reports, 2:477-483. Hogan-Warburg, A. J., Hogan, J. A. 1981. Feeding strategies in the development of food recognition in young chicks. Animal Behaviour, 29:143-154. Hughes, B. O. 1971. Allelomimetic feeding in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 12:359- 366. Hughes, B. O., Wood-Gush, D. G. M. 1971a. Investigations into specific appetites for sodium and thiamine in domestic fowls. Physiology and Behaviour, 6:331-339. Hughes, B. O., Wood-Gush, D. G. M. 1971b. A specific appetite for calcium in domestic chickens. Physiology and Behaviour, 6:490- 499. Hurnik, J. F., Jerome, F. N., Reinhart, B. S., Summers, J. D. 1971. Colour as a stimulus for feed consumption. Poultry Science, 50:944-949. Hurnik, J. F., Piggins, D. J., Reinhart, B. S., Summers, D. J. 1974. The effect of visual pattern complexity of feeders on food consumption of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 15:97-105. Hyde, R. J., Witherly, S. A. 1993. Dynamic contrast: a sensory contribution to palatability. Appetite, 21:1-16. Jacobs, H. L., Scott, M. L. 1957. Factors mediating food and liquid intake in chickens. I. Studies on the preference for sucrose and saccharine solutions. Poultry Science, 36:8-15. Jones, R. B., Gentle, M. J. 1985. Olfaction and behavioural modification in domestic chicks (Gallus domesticus). Physiology and Behaviour, 34:917-924. Joshua, I. G., Mueller, W. J. 1979. The development of a specific appetite for calcium in growing broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 20:481-490. Jukes, C. L. 1938. Selection of diet in chicks as influenced by vitamins and other factors. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26:135- 156. Kare, M. R., Maller, O. 1967. Taste and food intake in domestic and jungle fowl. Journal of Nutrition, 92:191- 196. Kare, M. R., Mason, J. R. 1986. The chemical senses in birds. In: Avian Physiology, edn. 4th. Ed. P. D. Sturkie, 59-73. Springer Verlag, New York. Kare, M. R., Medway, W. 1959. Discrimination between carbohydrates by the fowl. Poultry Science, 38:1119-1127. Kare, M. R., Pick, H. L. 1960. The influence of the sense of taste on feed and fluid consumption. Poultry Science, 39:697-706. Kare, M. R., Rogers, J. R. Jr. 1976. Sense of organs. In: Avian Physiology. Ed. P. D. Sturkie, 29- 52. Springer Verlag, New York. Kare, M. R., Black, R., Allison, E. B. 1957. The sense of taste in the fowl. Poultry Science, 36:129138. Kempster, H. L. 1916. Food selection by laying hens. Journal of the American Association of Institutions and Investigators in Poultry Husbandry, 3:26-28. Kennedy, J. M. 1980. The development of dietary preferences in pigs and poultry. In: Palatability and Flavour Use in Animal Feeds. Ed. H. Bickel, 141-147. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin. Kilham, P., Klopfer, P. H., Oelke, M. 1968. Species identification and colour preferences in chick. Animal Behaviour, 16:238-244. Kim, J. H. 2014. Diet selection for protein quality by growing broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 13:461-466. Kutlu, H. R., Forbes, J. M. 1993. Self- selection of ascorbic acid in coloured foods by heat-stressed broiler chicks. Physiology and Behaviour, 53:103-110. Lindenmaier, P., Kare, M. R. 1959. The taste end-organs of the chicken. Poultry Science, 38:545-550. Martin, G. M., Bellingham, W. P. and Storlien, L. H. 1977. Effect of varied colour experience on chickens’ formation of colour and texture aversions. Physiology and Behaviour, 8:415-420. Mastika, I. M. 1987. Some basic principles underlying free-choice feeding of growing chickens. PhD thesis, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Mastika, M., Cumming, R. B. 1981. Performance of two strains of broiler chickens offered free choice from different ages. Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Poultry and Stock Feed Convention, 79-85. Perth, Australia. Mastika, M., Cumming, R. B. 1987. Effect of previous experience and environmental variations on the performance and pattern of feed intake of choice fed and complete fed broilers. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia in 1985. Ed. D. J. Farrell, 260-282. University of New England, Armidale. McDonald, D., Stern, J., Hahn, W. 1963. Effects of differential housing and stress on diet selection, water intake and body weight in the rat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 18:937-942. Miller, M. G., Teates, J. F. 1986. The role of taste in dietary self- selection in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100:399-409. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. edn. 9th, The National Academy of Sciences., National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. Nicol, C. J., Pope, S. J. 1993. Food deprivation during observation reduces social learning in hens. Animal Behaviour, 43:193-196. Pinchasov, V., Nir, I.,Nitsan, Z. 1985. Metabolical and anatomical adaptations of heavy-bodied chicks to intermittent feeding. 1. Food intake, growth rate, organ weight and body composition. Poultry Science, 64:2098-2109. Portella, F. J., Caston, L. J., Leeson, S. 1988. Apparent feed particle size preference by broilers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 68(3):923-930. Rose, S. P., Burnett, A., Elmajeed, R. A. 1986. Factor affecting the diet selection of choice-chickens. British Poultry Science, 27:215- 224. Rose, S. P., Fielden, M., Gardin, P. 1994. Sequential feeding of whole grain wheat to broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 35:162- 163. Rugg, W. C. 1925. Feeding experiments, free choice of feeds. Victoria, Australia, Department of Agriculture Bulletin. 54:36-56. Saito, I. 1966. Comparative anatomical studies of the oral organs of the poultry. V. Structures and distribution of taste buds of the fowl. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture Miyazahi University, 13:95-102. Savory, C. J., Wood-Gush, D. G. M., Duncan, I. J. H. 1978. Feeding behaviour in a population of domestic fowls in the wild. Applied Animal Ethology, 4:13-27. Scholtyssek, V. S. 1982. Beitrag zur wahlfutterung von broilern (the free-choice feeding in broilers). Archivs fur Geflugelkunde, 46:243. Schreck, P. K., Sterritt, G. M., Smith, M. P., Stilson, D. W. 1963. Environmental factors in the development of eating in chicks. Animal Behaviour, 11:306-309. Shariatmadari, F. and Forbes, J. M. 1993. Growth and food intake responses to diets of different protein contents and a choice between diets containing two concentrations of protein in broiler and layer strains of chickens. British Poultry Science, 34:959-970. Strobel, M. G., McDonald, G. E. 1974. Induction of eating in newly hatched chicks. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86:493-502. Taylor, A. Sluckin, W., Hewitt, R. 1969. Changing colour preferences of chicks. Animal Behaviour, 17:3-8. Tucker, D. 1965. Electrophysiological evidence for olfactory function in birds. Nature, 207:34-36. Van Niekerk, A. I.,Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Reid, G. W. 1973. Importance of palatability in determining the feed intake of sheep offered chopped and pelleted hay. British Journal of Nutrition, 30:95-105. Van Prooije, A. 1978. The distribution, morphology and functional significance of taste buds in the chicken (Gallus domesticus L.). Internal Report, Zoological Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands. Wilcoxon, H. C., Dragoin, W. B., Kral, O. A. 1971. Illness-induced aversions in rat and quail: relative salience of visual and gustatory cues. Science, 171:826-828. Williamson, J. H. 1964. Genetic differences in the ability of chicks to taste ferric chloride. Poultry Science, 43:1066-1068. Yang, R. S. H., Kare, M. R. 1968. Taste response of a bird to constituents of arthropod defence secretions. Annual Entomology Society American, 61:781-782.