Evaluating the Reactivity Superiority of Two Different Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Anions Using An Anhydride Electrophile
Reductive chemistries have widely been used to functionalize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, the reactivity of negatively charged SWCNTs (NC-SWCNTs), prepared by different reductive chemistries, to the same electrophilic reagent has not been evaluated. Here in, the first example of the reactivity comparison of two different NC-SWCNTs towards 3-nitrophthalic anhydride is presented, and two novel functionalized SWCNTs are synthesized and characterized. The NC-SWCNTs, that are denoted as [(nBu―SWCNTn)-•Lin+] and [SWCNTn-•Lin+], are prepared via n-butyl lithium and lithium naphthalenide addition, respectively, and are reacted by 3-nitrophthalic anhydride under dry conditions. The resulting functionalized SWCNTs are characterized by Raman, UV-vis-NIR, TGA-MS, XPS, and TEM. The reactivity of [(nBu―SWCNTn)-•Lin+] towards electrophilic 3-nitrophthalic anhydride is found to be higher than [SWCNTn-•Lin+]. This is probably due to the high nucleophilic character of [(nBu―SWCNTn)-•Lin+] which bears lone pair electrons and electron-donating butyl groups
___
- M.K. Bayazit, L.S. Clarke, K.S. Coleman, N. Clarke, Pyridinefunctionalized
single-walled carbon nanotubes as gelators
for poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132
(2010) 15814-15819.
- 2. M.K. Bayazit, K.S. Coleman, Fluorescent single-walled
carbon nanotubes following the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
of pyridinium ylides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (2009) 10670-
10676.
- 3. S.A. Hodge, M.K. Bayazit, K.S. Coleman, M.S.P. Shaffer,
Unweaving the rainbow: a review of the relationship
between single-walled carbon nanotube molecular
structures and their chemical reactivity, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41
(2012) 4409-4429.
- 4. M.K. Bayazit, A. Suri, K.S. Coleman, Formylation of singlewalled
carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 48 (2010) 3412-3419.
- 5. B. Gebhardt, Z. Syrgiannis, C. Backes, R. Graupner, F. Hauke,
A. Hirsch, Carbon Nanotube sidewall functionalization with
carbonyl compounds-modified birch conditions vs the
organometallic reduction approach, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133
(2011) 7985-7995.
- 6. M.K. Bayazit, K.S. Coleman, Ester-functionalized singlewalled
carbon nanotubes via addition of haloformates, J.
Material. Sci., 49 (2014) 5190-5198.
- 7. A.J. Clancy, J. Melbourne, M.S.P. Shaffer, A one-step route to
solubilised, purified or functionalised single-walled carbon
nanotubes, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 (2015) 16708-16715.
- 8. M. De Marco, F. Markoulidis, R. Menzel, S.M. Bawaked, M.
Mokhtar, S.A. Al-Thabaiti, S.N. Basahel, M.S.P. Shaffer, Crosslinked
single-walled carbon nanotube aerogel electrodes via
reductive coupling chemistry, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4 (2016)
5385-5389.
Figure 7. TEM images of (a) [nBu-SWCNTs-NBA] (2) and (b) [SWCNTs-NBA] (3).
M.K. Bayazit / Hacettepe J. Biol. & C 114 hem., 2019, 47 (1), 107–114
- 9. G. Viswanathan, N. Chakrapani, H.C. Yang, B.Q. Wei, H.S.
Chung, K.W. Cho, C.Y. Ryu, P.M. Ajayan, Single-step in
situ synthesis of polymer-grafted single-wall nanotube
composites, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125 (2003) 9258-9259.
- 10. R. Blake, Y.K. Gun’ko, J. Coleman, M. Cadek, A. Fonseca, J.B.
Nagy, W.J. Blau, A generic organometallic approach toward
ultra-strong carbon nanotube polymer composites, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 126 (2004) 10226-10227.
- 11. S. Chen, W. Shen, G. Wu, D. Chen, M. Jiang, A new approach
to the functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes
with both alkyl and carboxyl groups, Chem. Phys. Lett., 402
(2005) 312-317.
- 12. S. Pekker, J.P. Salvetat, E. Jakab, J.M. Bonard, L. Forró,
Hydrogenation of carbon nanotubes and graphite in liquid
ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105 (2001) 7938-7943.
- 13. A. Pénicaud, P. Poulin, A. Derré, E. Anglaret, P. Petit,
Spontaneous dissolution of a single-wall carbon nanotube
salt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (2005) 8-9.
- 14. O. Roubeau, A. Lucas, A. Pénicaud, A. Derré, Covalent
functionalization of carbon nanotubes through
organometallic reduction and electrophilic attack, J.
Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 7 (2007) 3509-3513.
- 15. M.K. Bayazit, S.A. Hodge, A.J. Clancy, R. Menzel, S. Chen,
M.S.P. Shaffer, Carbon nanotube anions for the preparation
of gold nanoparticle–nanocarbon hybrids, Chem. Comm.,
52 (2016) 1934-1937.
- 16. A.J. Clancy, M.K. Bayazit, S.A. Hodge, N.T. Skipper, C.A.
Howard, M.S.P. Shaffer, Charged carbon nanomaterials:
redox chemistries of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and
graphenes, Chem. Rev., 118 (2018) 7363-7408.
- 17. M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, A. Jorio, Raman
spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rep., 409 (2005)
47-99.
- 18. M.S. Strano, Probing chiral selective reactions using a
revised kataura plot for the interpretation of single-walled
carbon nanotube spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125
(2003) 16148-16153.
- 19. M.S. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, M. Hofmann, G. Dresselhaus,
R. Saito, Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene
raman spectroscopy, Nano Lett., 10 (2010) 751-758.
- 20. J. Chen, M.A. Hamon, H. Hu, Y. Chen, A.M. Rao, P.C. Eklund,
R.C. Haddon, Solution properties of single-walled carbon
nanotubes, Science, 282 (1998) 95-98.
- 21. M.E. Itkis, S. Niyogi, M.E. Meng, M.A. Hamon, H. Hu, R.C.
Haddon, Spectroscopic study of the fermi level electronic
structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett., 2
(2002) 155-159.
- 22. D. Wunderlich, F. Hauke, A. Hirsch, Preferred
functionalization of metallic and small-diameter singlewalled
carbon nanotubes by nucleophilic addition of
organolithium and -magnesium compounds followed by
reoxidation, Chem. Eur. J., 14 (2008) 1607-1614.