Streptococcus Thermophilus ve Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus Virülent Fajlarının Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu (İngilizce)

Bu çalışmada 25 adet S. thermophilus ve 25 adet L. bulgaricus fajının elektron mikroskobik incelemesi yapılarak morfolojik karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. S. thermophilus fajlarında izometrik, hegzagonal baş çapının 53-74 nm, kontraktil olmayan kuyruk uzunluğunun 182-290 nm ve kuyruk genişliğinin de 7-14 nm arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Bu fajlarda yaka, kuyruk plağı ve fibril benzeri yapıya rastlanmamıştır. İncelenen tüm fajlar, elde edilen verilere dayanılarak diğer S. thermophilus fajları gibi Ackermann sınıflaması Siphoviridae familyasına ve/veya Bradley sınıflaması B grubuna dâhil edilmiştir. S. thermophilus fajlarında olduğu gibi Lb. bulgaricus fajlarında da izometrik, hegzagonal kapsit ve kontraktil olmayan kuyruk yapısı belirlenmiştir. Kapsit çapları 47-73 nm arasında değişirken, kontraktil olmayan kuyruk uzunlukları 117-162 nm ve kuyruk enleri 7-13 nm arasında bulunmuştur. Ackermann sınıflaması Siphoviridae familyasına ve/veya Bradley sınıflaması B grubuna dâhil edilen bu fajlarda yaka, kuyruk tablası ve fibril yapısının varlığı dikkat çekmiştir. S. thermophilus ve L. bulgaricus faj örneklerinin hazırlanmasındaki farklılıkların ve kullanılan elektron mikroskop tiplerinin kuyruk yapılarının görünebilirliğini etkilediği düşünülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, faj, morfolojik karakterizasyon, elektron mikroskop

Morphological Characterization of Streptococcus Thermophilus and Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus Virulent Phages (in English)

In this study, 25 phages of S. thermophilus and 25 phages of L. bulgaricus were inspected and identified morphologically by electron microscopy. In S. thermophilus phages the diameters of hexagonal heads were found to range between 47-74 nm, while non-contractile tails were 182 to 290 nm long and 7-14 nm wide. In these phages tail plaque, collar and fiber like structures were not found. Identified S. thermophilus phages were placed in the Siphoviridae family according to Ackermann’s and/or Group B in Bradley’s classification. Also for L. bulgaricus phages isometric hexagonal capsid and non-contractile tail structures were also determined. The capsids measured between 47-73 nm in diameter, and the tails were between 117-162 nm long and 7 to 13 nm wide. These phages were also placed in Siphoviridae family in Ackermann’s classification and/or group B in Bradley’s. Importantly, it was also determined that in some of these phages collar and tail plaque structures were present. It is thought that minor modifications in the preparation of the S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus phages, and the type of electron microscope used were significant factors that affected the visibility of the tail structures.

Keywords:

S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, phage, morphological characterization, electron microscope,

PDF

___

1. Larbi D, Colmin C, Rousselle L, Decaris B, Simonet JM. 1990. Genetic and biological characterization of nine Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus bacteriophages. Lait, 70, 107-116.
2. Quiberoni A, Auad L, Binetti AG, Suárez VB, Reinheimer JA, Raya RR. 2003. Comparative analysis af Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from a yogurt industrial plant. Food Microbiol, 20, 461-469.
3. Moineau S, Borkaev M, Holler BJ, Walker SA, Kondo JK, Vedamuthu ER, Vanderbergh PA. 1996. Isolation and characterization of Lactococcal bacteriophages from cultured buttermilk plants in the United States. J Dairy Sci, 70, 2104-2111.
4. Reinbold GW. 1974. Bacteriophage For Italian Cheese Cultures. 11th Annual Marschall Invitational Italian Cheese Seminer, Wisconsin.
5. Reinbold GW, Reddy MS, Hammond EG. 1982. Ultrastructures of bacteriophages active against Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus helveticus. J Food Protect, 45 (2), 119-124.
6. Suárez VB, Quiberoni A, Binetti AG, Reinheimer JA. 2002. Thermophilic lactic acid bacteria phages isolated from Argentinian dairy industries. J Food Protect, 65 (10), 1597-1604.
7. Le Marrec C, Sinderen D, Walsh L, Stanley E, Vlegels E, Moineau S, Heinze P, Fitzgerald G, Fayard B. 1997.
Two groups of bacteriophages Streptococcus thermophilus can be distinguished onthe basis mode packaing and genetic determinants for major structural proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63 (8), 3246-3253.
8. Neve H, Freudenberg W, Diestel-Feddersen F, Ehlert R, Heller KJ. 2003. Biology of the temperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage TP-J34 and physical characterization of the phage genome. Virology, 315, 184–194.
9. Wang S, Kong J, Gao C, Guo T, Liu X. 2010. Isolation and characterization of a novel virulent phage (phiLdb) of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Int J Food Microbiol, 137, 22–27.
10. Durlu-Özkaya F, İç N, Tunail N. 1999. The thermophilic starter cultures resistant to their phages and rotation. Special Issue for the 11th Congress of KÜKEM, 23 (2), 7-8.
11. Olsen JV. 1990. The Dairy Cultures of Chr. Hansen’s. The latest development of dairy cultures. Dairy Seminar, Ankara Üniversity, Agricultural Faculty.
12. Bruttin A, Desiere F, d’Amico N, Guerin JP, Sidoti J, Huni B, Lucchini S, Brüssow H. 1997. Moleculer ecology of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage infections in a cheese factory. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63, 3144- 3150.
13. Kaleli D, Tunail N, Acar E. 2004. Virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus and lysogeny. Milchwissenschaft, 59 (9/10), 487-491.
14. Krusch U, Neve H, Luschei B, Teuber M. 1987. Characterization of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus by host specifity and electron microscopy. Kieler Milch. Forschungsberichte, 39 (3), 155-167.
15. Auad L, Holgado R, Forsman P, Alatossava T, Raya RR. 1997. Isolation and characterization of a new Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus temperate bacteriophage. J Dairy Science, 80, 2706-2712.
16. Kivi S, Peltomäki T, Luomala K, Sarimo SS. 1987. Some properties of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages. Fotra Microbiol, 32, 101-106.
17. Ackermann HW, DuBow MS. 1987. Viruses of Prokaryotes, Vol. 1: General Properties of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
18. Zhang X, Kong J, Qu Y. 2006. Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillusfermentum temperate bacteriophage from Chinese yogurt. J Appl Microbiol, 101, 857–863.
19. Brüssow H, Frémont M, Bruttin A, Sidoti J, Constabla A, Fryder V. 1994. Detection and classification of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from industrial milk fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 60 (12), 4537-4543.
20. Benbadis L, Faelen M, Slos P, Fazel A, Mercenier A. 1990. Characterization and comparison of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from yogurt. Biochimie, 72, 855-862.
21. Prevots F, Relano P, Mata M, Ritzenthaler P. 1989. Close relationship of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus at both the protein and the DNA level. J General Microbiol, 135, 3337-3344.
22. Fayard B, Haefliger M, Accolas JP. 1993. Interaction of temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus with lysogenic affect phage DNA restriction pattern and host ranges. J Dairy Res, 60, 385- 399.
23. Stanley E, Fitzgerald GF, Le Marrec C, Fayard B, Sinderen D. 1997. Sequence analysis and characterization of Φ01205, a temperate bacteriophage infecting Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ1205. Microbiology, 143, 3417-3429.
24. Tremblay DM, Moineau S. 1999. Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Virology, 255, 63-76.
25. Le´vesque C, Duplessis M, Labonte J, Labrie S, Fremaux C, Tremblay D, Moineau S. 2005. Genomic Organization and Molecular Analysis of Virulent Bacteriophage 2972 Infecting an Exopolysaccharide-Producing Streptococcus thermophilus Strain. Appl Environ Microbiol, 71 (7), 4057–4068.
26. Neve H, Krusch U, Teuber M. 1989. Classification of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus isolated from yogurt and Swiss-type cheese. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 30, 624-629.
27. Cluzel PJ, Veaux M, Rousseau M, Accolas JP. 1987. Evidence for temperate bacteriophages in two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J Dairy Res, 54, 397-405.
28. Chow J, Batt CA, Sinskey AJ. 1988. Characterization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteriophage ch2. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54 (5), 1138-1142.
29. Aydar LY, Tunail N. 1995. Isolation and electron microscopic investigation of lactic phages which isolated from Turkey. Milchwissenschaft, 50 (6), 312-316.
30. Durlu F, Tunail N. 1991. Resistance of commercial cheese starter cultures to domestic bacteriophages in Turkey. The Third International Congres on Food Industry, 4-8 November, Kuşadası, İzmir, Turkey, 125-139.
31. Rio B, Binetti AG, Martı´na MC, Ferna´ndeza M, Magada´na AH, Alvarez MA. 2007. Multiplex PCR for the detection and identification of dairy bacteriophages in milk. Food Microbiol, 24, 75–81.