PEYNİR NUMUNELERİNDE BİSFENOL A İÇİN KATI FAZ EKSTRAKSİYON METOTLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Bu çalışmada, dört farklı katı-faz ekstraksiyon metotunun peynir numunelerinden bisfenol A (BPA) ekstraksiyon performansı HPLC-FD kullanılarak kıyaslanmıştır. Metot validasyonları doğrusallık, geri kazanım, kesinlik, metodun belirlenme ve tayin alt sınırları (LOD/LOQ), bağıl standart belirsizlik parametreleri ile yapılmıştır. Buna ilaveten Elazığ ilinde satışa sunulan yirmi adet peynir numunesinde BPA miktarı belirlenmiştir. Bütün metotlar BPA’nın kantitatif analizi için düşük LOD (0.16-0.39 µg/kg) ve LOQ (0.53-1.30 µg/ kg) seviyelerinde iyi performans göstermişlerdir. Geri kazanım seviyeleri iki farklı ekleme miktarı (3-30 µg/kg) için ortalama %93.1 ve %100.8 aralığında hesaplanmıştır. Peynir numunelerinin %55’inde 0.75 µg/kg ve 8.46 µg/kg miktarları arasında BPA varlığı bulunmuştur ve günlük alım tahmini (EDI) 0,001 µg/kg vücut ağırlığı/gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. EDI sonuçlarına göre, peynir tüketimi tek başına BPA için önemli halk sağlığı riski ortaya çıkartmadığı, fakat sonuçlar süt ve süt ürünlerinde BPA’nın düzenli takibinin yapılması gerektiğini göstermiştir.
A COMPARISON OF SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION METHODS FOR BISPHENOL A IN CHEESE SAMPLES
In this study, four different solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were compared for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in cheese samples using HPLC-FD. All methods were validated according to the parameters; linearity, recovery, precision, detection and quantification limits (LOD-LOQ). Subsequently, BPA levels were determined in twenty cheese samples commercially available in Elazığ province. All the extraction methods showed good performances for quantitative analysis of PBA, achieving very low LOD (0.16-0.39 µg/kg) and LOQ (0.53-1.30 µg/ kg) values. The average fortification recoveries for spiked BPA (3-30 µg/kg) ranged between 93.1 and 100.8%. 55% of cheese samples had BPA concentration ranging from 0.75 µg/kg to 8.46 µg/kg and estimated daily intake (EDI) was measured as 0,001 µg/kg BW per day. On the basis of EDI, the consumption of cheese itself cannot be considered as significant health problem, but results impose a systematic monitoring of dairy products.
___
- Alnaimat AS, Barciela-Alonso MC, Bermejo-Barrera P. (2019). Determination of bisphenol A in tea samples by solid phase extraction andliquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Microchem J, 147, 598-604.
- Andrade-Eiroa A, Canle M, Leroy-Cancellieri V, Cerdà V. (2016). Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: A critical review (Part I). Trends Analyt Chem, 80: 641-654.
- Azzouz A, Kailasa SK, Lee SS, Rascón AJ, Ballesteros E, Zhang M, Kim K-H. (2018). Review of nanomaterials as sorbents in solid-phase extraction for environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem, 108: 347-369.
- Ballesteros-Gómez A, Soledad R, Dolores PB. (2009). Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. J Chromatogr A 1216: 449-469.
- Bemrah N, Jean J, Rivière G, Sanaa M, Leconte S, Bachelot M., Deceuninck Y, Le Bizec B, Dauchy X, Roudot A-C, Camel V, Grob K, Feidt C, Picard-Hagen N, Badot P-M, Foures F, Leblanc J-C. (2014). Assessment of dietary exposure to bisphenol A in the French population with a special focus on risk characterization for pregnant French women. Food Chem Toxicol, 72: 90–97.
- Cao XL, Perez-Locas C, Dufresne G, Clement G, Popovic S, Beraldin F, Dabeka RW, Feeley M. (2011). Concentrations of bisphenol A in the composite food samples from the 2008 Canadian total diet study in Quebec City and dietary intake estimates. Food Addit Contam, 28: 791–798.
- Cunha S, Cunha C, Ferreira A, Fernandes J. (2012). Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned seafood combining QuEChERS extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem, 404: 2453-2463.
- EFSA (2015). Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: executive summary. EFSA J, 13: 3978.
- European Commission 2002/657/EC. (2002). Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results, Off J Eur Commun, L221: 8 – 36.
- European Commission. (1996). European workshop on the impact of endocrine disruptors on human health and wildlife. Report of Proceedings from a Workshop held in Weybridge, UK, December 2-4, 1996. Report reference EUR 17549, European Commission, DG XII, Brussels, Belgium.
- Geens T, Aerts D, Berthot C, Bourguignon JP, Goeyens L, Lecomte P, Maghuin-Rogister G, Pironnet A-M, Pussemier L, Scippo M-L, Van Loco J, Covaci A. (2012). A review of dietary and non-dietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Food Chem Toxicol, 50: 3725-3740.
- Giulivo M, de Alda ML, Capri E, Barceló D. (2016). Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: Their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review. Environ Res 151, 251-264.
- Grumetto L, Gennari O, Montesano D, Ferracane R, Ritieni A, Albrizio S, Barbato F. (2013). Determination of five bisphenols in commercial milk samples by liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. J Food Protect, 76: 1590–1596.
- Grumetto L, Montesano D, Seccia S, Albrizio S, Barbato F. (2008). Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B residues in canned peeled tomatoes by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem, 56, 10633-10637.
- Hayaloğlu AA, Özer B. (2011). Giriş. In A. A. Hayaloğlu and B. Özer (Eds) Peynir Biliminin Temelleri (pp. 1-8). İzmir, Sidas.
- Jiang D, Chen WQ, Zeng X, Tang L. (2018). Dynamic Stocks and Flows Analysis of Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: 2000–2014. Environ Sci Technol, 52: 3706-3715.
- Kang JH, Kondo F. (2003). Determination of bisphenol A in milk and dairy products by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Food Protect, 66, 1439–1443.
- Li J, Zhou H, Liu YX, Yan XY, Xu YP, Liu SM. (2014). Solid-phase extraction for selective determination of bisphenol A in drinks and fruits by dummy surface molecularly imprinted polymer with direct synthetic method. Food Addit Contam, 31: 1139-1146.
- Liao C, Kannan K. (2013). Concentrations and profiles of bisphenol A and other bisphenolanalogues in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure. J Agr Food Chem, 61: 4655–4662.
- Loh SH, Ong ST, Ngu ML, Ariffin MM. (2017). Rapid extraction of bisphenol a by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic. Sains Malays, 46: 615-621.
- Mercogliano R, Santonicola S. (2018). Investigation on bisphenol A levels in human milk and dairy supply chain: A review. Food Chem Toxicol, 114: 98-117.
- Nascimento CF, Rocha FRP. (2018). Spectrofluorimetric determination of bisphenol A in tap waters byexploiting liquid-liquid microextraction in a sequential injection system. Microchem J, 137: 429-434.
- Rezaee M, Yamini Y, Shariati S, Esrafili A, Shamsipur M. (2009). Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection as a very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A in water samples. J Chromatogr A, 1216: 1511-1514.
- Sadeghi M, Nematifar Z, Fattahi N, Pirsaheb M, Shamsipur M. (2016). Determination of bisphenol A in food and environmental samples using combined solid-phase extraction–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop followed by HPLC. Food Anal Methods, 9: 1814-1824.
- Santonicola S, Ferrante MC, Murru N, Gallo P, Mercogliano R. (2019). Bisphenol A in cow milk and dietary exposure at the farm level. J Dairy Sci, 102: 1007-1013.
- Seachrist DD, Bonk KW, Ho SM, Prins GS, Soto AM, Keri RA. (2016). A review of the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A. Reprod Toxicol, 59: 167-182.
- Staples CA, Dome PB, Klecka GM, Oblock ST, Harris LR. (1998). A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere, 36: 2149-2173
- Sun C, Leong LP, Barlow PJ, Chan SH, Bloodworth BC. (2006). Single laboratory validation of a method for the determination of bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its derivatives in canned foods by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A, 1129: 145-148.
- Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA. (2009). Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review. Analytica Chim Acta, 632: 168-180.
- US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1993). Bisphenol A. (CASRN 80-05-7), integrated risk information system (IRIS). USEPA, Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/subst/0356.htm.
- Vandenberg LN, Maffini MV, Sonnenschein C, Rubin BS, Soto AM. (2009). Bisphenol-A and the great divide: A review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocr Rev, 30: 75-95.
- Vera-Avila LE, Rojo-Portillo T, Covarrubias-Herrera R, Pena-Alvarez A. (2013). Capabilities and limitations of dispersive liquid–liquidmicroextraction with solidification of floating organic drop for theextraction of organic pollutants from water samples. Anal Chim Acta, 805: 60-69.
- Welshons WV, Susan CN, vom Saal FS. (2006). Large effects from small exposures. III. Endocrine mechanisms mediating effects of bisphenol A at levels of human exposure. Endocrinology, 147: 56-69.
- Wlodarczyk E. (2015). Occurrence of bisphenol A and its effects on the human body. Arch Physiother Glob Res, 19: 13-26.
- Yang Y, Yu J, Yin J, Shao B, Zhang J. (2014). Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for selective extraction of bisphenol analogues in beverages and canned food. J Agric Food Chem, 62: 11130-11137.