M. Gürhan YALÇIN

Deterioration of tuffite and andesite stones monuments in urban areas (Niğde, central Turkey)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Niğde ilindeki değişik dönemlerde inşa edilen 15 tarihi yapının tüf ve andezitik duvarları üzerindeki aşınmaların kaynağı ve yıpranma karekteristiklerinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu ilişki içerisinde anıtların genel yapısını göstermek için duvarların yüzeylerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Kayaç örneklerinin mineralojik özellikleri ve yapısal tanımları incekesit üzerinde optik mikroskopla yürütülmüştür. Duvar yüzeylerindeki ağır metal birikimleri Spectro-Xepos Benchtop X-Ray Fluoresans Spectrometre ile ölçülmüştür. Aynı örnekler üzerinde XRD analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, örneklerin metal konsantrasyonlarının ilişki katsayısı, ilişki katsayısı elemanı dağılımı, hiyerarşik kümeleme model özeti ve istatistiksel yöntemin tekyönlü varyans analiz tablosu ile değerlendirilmiştir.ince kesitlerde mineraller oldukça altere olmuştur. Kayaç yüzeyinde ise kloritleşme, serizitleşme, propilitleşme, karbonatlaşma ve limonitleşme gözlenmektedir. Kırık ve çatlaklar boyunca demiroksit izlenmektedir. Kayaç yüzeyinde yapısal, dokusal alterasyon ve bozunmaya bağlı olarak yeşil, siyah, sarı, kırmızı ve kahverengi renk değişimleri görülmektedir. Kayaç üzerinde kirlenmeyle ilgili olarak jipsler ortaya çıkmıştır.Sonuç olarak, değişik tip kirleticilerin taş anıtların kirletilmesinde etkili olduğu tayin edilmiştir. Taş anıtların üzerindeki kirlenme, Niğde ilinin kirletilmiş havası, atmosferdeki SO2, asılı partiküller ve araçların eksoz atıkları tarafından hızlandırılmıştır. Bazı metalik elementler arasında kuvvetli pozitif korelasyonun olduğu saptanmıştr. Pozitif korelasyonlu elementlerin aynı kaynağa sahip olduğu düşünülmüştür. Anıt yapılardaki tüf ve andezit duvar örnekleri üzerindeki tayin edilen kirlilik antropojenik ve atmosferik etkilerden dolayıdır. Anıt yapılardaki kirliliğin derecesini azaltmak için gerekli tedbirler alınmalıdır.

Niğde şehir merkezindeki tüf ve andezitlerden inşa edilmiş sanat yapılarında görülen yıpranmalar

The aim of this work is to investigate the pollution characteristics and the source of pollution on tuffite and andesite walls of 15 historical monuments which were built in various dates in several parts of the Niğde city in central Turkey. In this respect, surface of walls were sampled to represent the general structure of stone monuments. M iner alo gical features and structural-textural determinations of rock samples were conducted on thin sections with optical microscopy. The heavy metal accumulations on wall surfaces were measured with Spectro-Xepos Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. XRD (x-ray powder diffraction) analyses were also carried out on the same samples. The metal concentrations of the samples were evaluated with coefficient correlation, element coefficient correlation dendogram, hierarchical cluster, model summary and anova analysis statistical methods.On thin sections, minerals are extensively altered. Chloritization, sericitization, prophylitization, carbonization and limonitization occur on the rock surfaces. Iron oxide is detected along the fracture and fissures. Green, black, yellow, red and brown color changes are seen on the rock surfaces, depending on structural and textural alterations and deterioration. Gypsum also occurs on rocks in association with contamination.As a result, it was determined that different types of pollutants are involved in pollution of stone monuments. Pollution on the stone monuments has been expedited by polluted air ofthe city of Niğde, SO2 in atmosphere, suspended particular material and exhaust wastes of vehicles. Strong positive correlations were determined among some metallic elements. The elements with positive correlations are thought to have the same source. Determined pollution on tuffite and andesite wall samples from the stone monuments are due to anthropogenic and atmospheric effects. In order to minimize the degree of pollution on stone monuments, necessary measurement should be taken.

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