1914

Anahtar Kavramlar: Kırılgan Devlet, Devlet Kapasitesi, İdari Kapasite, Müzakere Kapasitesi, Türkiye'de Devlet Kapasitesi

Son yıllarda hem köklü demokratik hem de yeni demokratikleşen ülkelerde devletlerin, meşruiyet sorunları ile karşı karşıya kaldıkları görülmektedir. Devletler, istikrarlarını korumakta ve toplumsal iç barışı sağlamakta zorlanmaktadırlar. Toplumsal protestolar giderek artmakta ve yaygınlaşmaktadır. Devletlerin toplumsal tepkileri zor kullanarak önlemeye ya da bastırmaya çalışması, kısa süreli olarak başarı sağlasa da uzun vadede devlet ile toplum ilişkisini ciddi ölçüde zedelemektedir. Devletlerin istikrarlarını devam ettirebilmeleri ve toplumsal iş barışı sağlamaları, devlet kapasite kavramı ile yakından ilişkilidir. Devlet kapasitesi'nin kavramsal tanımı ve analizi üzerinde mevcut literatürdebir fikir birlikteliği henüz yoktur. Son yıllarda devlet kapasitesi kavramını tanımlama çabasında sıkça Michael Mann'in yaklaşımına başvurulmaktadır. Michael Mann (1984), devlet iktidarını despotik ve altyapısal iktidarolarak ikiye ayırmaktadır. Despotik iktidar, Max Weber'in (1964) iktidar kavramına denk düşerken, altyapısal iktidar, topluma nüfuz etme (kaynak oluşturma ve dağıtma) ve siyasi kararları uygulama kapasitesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Michael Mann'in iktidar teorisi, analitik bir devlet kapasitesi kavramı geliştirebilmek için burada temel alınmakla birlikte, başka düşüncelerle de desteklenmektedir. Mann'in kuramında devlet-toplum ilişkisinin rolü yeterince dikkate alınmamıştır. Bu açıdan Mann'in iktidar tipinin yeni bir tip ile genişletilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu şekilde devlet kapasitesi kavramının anlamı ve boyutları ile bunların içerikleri belirlenmektedir. Son bölümde de Türkiye'de devlet kapasitesi ana hatlarıyla analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

STATE CAPACITY: HYPOTHETICALFRAME OF THE CONCEPT, ITS COMPONENTS AND APPEARANCE OF TURKEY

In recent years, it has been observed that states in both rooted democratic and newly democratizing countries encounter with legitimacyproblems. States have difficulties in protection of the stability and providing social civil peace. Social protests increase and become widespread gradually. Even states' trying to prevent or suppress the social reactions by force achieves success in short period, it gives harm to relationship of state and society in long term seriously. States' continuation of their stability and providing social civil peace is closely related with the concept of state capacity. There is not any consensus on the conceptual definition and analysis of state capacity in the current literature yet.Approaches of Michael Mann have been frequently referred to in the struggle of describing state capacity in recent years. Michael Mann (1984) divides state power into two as despoticand infrastructural power.Despotic poweris equal to Max Weber's (1964) concept of power, while infrastructural poweris described as capacity of community penetration (source generation and distribution) and capacity of application political decisions. Together with the fact that theory of power of Michael Mannis used as based here to develop an analytical state capacityconcept, it shall be supported with other thoughts. The role of the relationship of state and society is not taken into consideration sufficiently in the hypothesis of Mann. In this sense,it is considered that power type of Mann is required to be extended with a new type. In this manner, the meaning and dimensions of the concept of state capacityand contents of these are determined. State capacity in Turkey is tried to be analyzed in the last section with the main lines.

PDF

___

ALBROW, M. (1970), Bureaucracy. London: Macmillan.
AYDIN, S. (2005), "Amacımız Devletin Bekası", Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Devlet ve Yurttaşlar", TESEV Yayınları, İstanbul.
BERSCH, K., SÉRGIO, P., MATTHEW, M. T. (2013), "State Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy within National States: Mapping the Archipelago of Excellence in Brazil", Presentation of Latin American Studies Association Conference, May 29 - June 1, 2013, Washington D.C. (5.09.2014).
BERTELSMANN STİFTUNG (2014), "Bertelsmann Transformation Index", http://www.bti-project.org/bti-home /#139223968211 (erişim, 15.01.2015).
BETHKE, Felix S. (2009), "Zuverlaessig invalide-Warum Indizes zu fraglicher Staatlichkeit das Falsche mesen", Lepzig, pp. 1-34.
BÖRZEL, Tanja A. (2006), "'Gutes Regieren' ohne den Schatten der Hierarchie? Korruptionsbekaempfung im südlichen Kaukasus im Rahmen der EUNachbarschaftspolitik", Teiprojekt B 2, www.sfbgovernanace.de/teilprojekte/.../index.htlm , (03.04.2012).
BÖRZEL, Tanja A. (2002), "Non-State Actors and the Provision of Common Goods. Compliance with International Institutions. (ed.) Héritier, Adrienn, Common Goods: Reinveting European and International Governance, Lanham, MD, pp. 155-178.
BÖRZEL, T. A., HOFFMANN, T., SPRUNGK C. (2003), "Einhaltung von Recht jenseits des Nationalstaats", Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehung, 10 Jg., H. 2, pp. 247-286.
BÖRZEL, T. A., RIESSE, T. (2003), "Conceptualising the Domestic Impact of Europe. (eds.) Featherstone, Kevin/Radeaelli, Claudio, The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford, pp. 55-78.
DAHLSTRÖM, C., LAPUENTE, V., TEORELL, J. (2010). Dimensions of Bureaucracy. A Cross-National Dataset on the Structure and Behaviorof Public Administration. Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg.
DERRICHS, Claudia., HEBERER, Thomas. (Eds.) (2013), Die politischen Systeme Ostasiens, Eine Einführung, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden.
ENGLEHART, Neil A. (2005), "Is Regime Change enough for Burma? The Problem of State Capacity", Asian Survey, Vol. XLV, No: 4, July/August, pp. 622-644.
ENRIQUEZ, E., CENTENO, M. A. (2012), "State Capacity: Utilization, Durability, and the Role of Wealth vs. History", www. Scholar-princeton.edu/eenriquez/.../statecapacity-utilization-durabilty-on... (5.09.2014).
ESMER, Yılmaz (2012), Türkiye Değerler Atlası, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, İstanbul, http://content.bahcesehir.edu.tr/public/files/files/ATL (erişim, 28.09.2013).
EVANS, P. B. (1995). Embedded autonomy: states and industrial transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
EVANS, P. B., RAUCH, J. E. (1999). "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysisof the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth". American Sociological Review, 64(5), pp. 748-765.
EVANS, P. B., RUESCHEMEYER, D., SKOCPOL, T. (1985). "On the Road toward a MoreAdequate Understanding of the State". Evans P.B., Rueschemyer, D, T. Skocpol, T. (Eds.), Bringing the state back in, Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press, pp. 347-366.
FAZEKAS, Mihaly (2011), State Capacity in Hungary - Characteristics, cuases, impacts. A fresh look at the role of interests and knowledge. First year progress reportUniversity of Cambridge (http://www.Fazekas_State capacity_First year progress report_2011) (5.9.2014).
FREEDOM HAUSE (2014), "Freedom in the World 2014, Turkey", https://freedomhause.org/report/freedom world/2014/turkey
FUND FOR PEACE (2014), "Fragile States Index 2014", http://ffp.statesindex.org/rankings-2014.
FUKUYAMA, Francis (2005), Devlet İnşası. 21. Yüzyılda Dünya Düzeni ve Yönetişim, (Çev.) Devrim Çetinkasap, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
GAP [Governance Assessment Portal] (2012), "Global Inegrity Index", http://www.gaportal.org/global-indicators/global-integrity-report.
GENÇ YILMAZ, Ayfer (2013), "Devlet Kapasitesi ve Umumi Müffetişlikler, Altyapısal İktidarın Yerelde İnşası", Maramara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Cil 1, Sayı 1, ss. 43-65.
GÖKÇE, Gülise (2006a), "Devlet Sınıflandırmaları ve Zayıf Devletlerin Karakteristik Özellikleri", Selçuk Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, S. 11, Y. 6 (2006), ss. 343- 359.
GÖKÇE Gülise (2006b) "Devleti Yeniden Keşfetmek: Devlet Gücünün Göstergesi Olarak İdari Kapasite", Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, S. 3, C. 8 (2006), ss. 203 - 230.
GÖKÇE, G. (2007), Güçlü ve Zayıf Devlet Tartışmaları Bağlamında Türkiye, Çizgi Kitabevi, 2007, Konya.
GÖKÇE, Gülise (2012), "Citizen-State Relations in Turkey: Correlation Between Political and Economical Stability and Trust in State Institutions", Journal of Us China Public Administration, Volume 9, Number 9, September 2012/83, pp. 973 -995.
GÖKÇE, O., Bulduklu Y. (2012), "Seçmen Davranışı ve Liderler", Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim ve Güncel Sorunlar, 60. Yılında TODAİE, İsbir, E. G. (Ed.), TODAİE, 2013, Ankara, ss. 559-574.
Gökçe, Orhan (2012), "Yeni Medya-Kamuoyu-Demokrasi", Hepimiz Globaliz Hepimiz Yereliz, Edibe Sözen (Ed.), Alfa 2012, İstanbul, ss. 37-54.
HALL, P. A., GINGERICH, D. W. (2009), "Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the political economy", British Journal of Political Science 39 (3), pp. 449-482.
HALL, J. A., SCHROEDER, R. (Eds.) (2005). An Anatomy of Power. The Social Theory ofMichael Mann. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
HAMM, P. KING, LAWRENCE P., STUCKLER, D. (2012). Mass Privatization, State Capacity and Economic Growth in Post-Communist Countries. American Sociological Review, April 2012, Vol. 77 (2), pp.295-324.
HANSON, J. K., SIGMAN, R. (2013), "Leviathan's Latent Dimensions: Measuring State capacity for Comporative Political Research", www.faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/johanson/papers/hanson_sigman 13.pdf (15.10.2014).
HEBERER, T. (2002), Strategische Gruppen und Staatskapazitaet: Das Beispiel der Privatunternehmer in China, Duisburg: Duisburger Arbeitspapiere Ostasienwissenschaften, Nr. 46.
HELLMAN, J. S., JONES, G., KAUFMANN, D. (2003). "Seize the state, seize the day: statecapture and influence in transition economies". Journal of Comparative Economics 31(4), pp. 751-773.
HENDRIX, Cullen S. (2010), "Measuring State capacity: Theoretical and empirical implications fort he study of civil conflict", Journal of Peace Research 47 (3), pp.. 273- 285.
HOWLETT, Michael (2009). "Policy analytical capacity and evidence-based policymaking: Lessonsfrom Canada". Canadian Public Administration, 52(2), pp. 153-175.
JACKSON, R. H., ROSBERG, C. G. (1982), "Why Africa's Weak States Persist; The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood", World Politics, Vol. 35 (1), pp.1-24.
KALBERG, S. (1994). Max Weber's Comparative-Historical Sociology. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press.
KALYSVAS, S. (2006), The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge University Press.
KAUFMANN, D., MASTRUZZI, M., KRAAY, A. (2010). The Worldwide GovernanceIndicators. Methodology and Analytical Issues. Washington, DC.
KOCHER, Matthew A. (2010), "State Capacity as a conceptual Variable", Yale Journal of International Affairs, 5 (2), pp. 137-145.
KONDA (2010), Hukuk ve Adalet, Algı ve Beklentiler, Mayıs 2010, www.konda.com.tr
LAMBACH, D. (2008), Staatszerfall und regionale Sicherheit, Nomos, Baden-Baden.
LAMBACH, D., GÖBEL, C. (2012), "Die Responsivität Autoritärer Regime", The China Journal 11/2012, pp.79-91.
LANGE, Mathias (2005). "The Rule of Law and Development: A Weberian Framework of Statesand State Society Relations". States and Development. Historical Antecedents of Stagnation and Advance, Macmillan, New York, pp. 48-66.
LUCAS, John (1998), "The Tension Between Despotic and Infrastructural Power: The Military and the Political Class in Nigeria", Studies in Comporative International Development, 33 (3), pp. 90-113.
LUKES, S. (2005), Power, A radical view, Palgrave Machmillan, 3nd. Edition.
MANN, M. (1984). The autonomous power of the state. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
MANN, M. (2011), Devletler, Savaş ve Kapaitalizm, Politik Sosyoloji İncelemeleri, (Çev.) Semih Türkoğlu, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul.
MANN, M. (2012a), İktidarın Tarihi, Başlangıcından MS 1760'a kadar Toplumsal İktidarın Kaynakları, (Çev.) Esin Saraçoğku-Soner Torlak-Emre Kolay-Olcay Sevimli, Phoenix Yayınevi, Ankara.
MANN, M. (2012b), İktidarın Tarihi, Sınıflar ve Ulus Devletlerin Yükselişi, 1760- 1914, (Çev.) Ali R. Güngen-Gülben Şaş-Elçin D. Ela-Hüseyin A. Sözen, Phoenix Yayınevi, Ankara.
MEYER-SAHLING, J.-H. (2009). Sustainability of Civil Service Reforms in Central andEastern Europe. Five Years After EU Accession. Paris: OECD.
MIGDAL, J. S. (1988). Strong societies and weak states: state-society relations and statecapabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
MIGDAL, J. S. (2001). State in society: studying how states and societies transform andconstitute one another. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
MILIKEN, J., KARUSE, K. (2002), "State Failure, State Collaps, and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies", Development and Change, Vol. 33 (5), pp.753-774.
OLSEN, Johan P. (2005). "Maybe It Is Time to Rediscover Bureaucracy". Journal of PublicAdministration Research and Theory, 16(1), pp. 1-24.
PAINTER, M. J., PIERRE, J. (2005). "Unpacking Policy Capacity: Issues and Themes", Painter M., Pierre, J. (Eds.), Challenges to State Policy Capacity. Global Trends andComparative Perspectives, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-18.
PIERRE, J., PETERS, B. G. (2005). Governing complex societies: trajectories and scenarios. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
POLIDANO, Charles (2000). "Measuring Public Sector Capacity". World Development, 28(5), pp. 805-822.
ROTBERG, Robert I. (2004), "Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators", Rotberg, R. I. (Ed.), When States Fail, Causes and Consequences, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 1 - 25.
ROTHSTEIN, B., TEORELL, J. (2012). "What Is Quality of Government? A Theory of ImpartialGovernment Institutions". Governance, 21(2), Blackwell Publishing Inc., pp.165-190.
SCHNECKENER, U. (2006), Fragliche Staatlichkeit: "states at risk" zwischen Stabilitaet und Scheitern, Nomos, Baden-Baden.
SCHNECKENER, Ulrich (2004), "States at Risk, Zur Analyse fragiler Staatlichkeit", Schneckener, Ulrich (Ed.), States at Risk, Fragile Staten als Sicherheits- und Entwicklungsproblem, SWP Studie S 43, Berlin.
SKOCPOL, T., FINEGOLD, K. (1982). "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal. Political Science Quarterly, 97(2), pp. 255-278.
SOIFER, Hillel (2008). "State Infrastructural Power: Approaches to Conceptualization and Measurement". Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(3/4), pp. 231-251.
SOIFER, H., VOM HAU, M. (2008). "Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility ofState Infrastructural Power". Studies in Comparative International Development,43(3/4), pp. 219-230.
TEPAV (2009), Hanehalkı Gözünden Kamu Hizmetleri ve Yolsuzluk, Tepav Yayınları No:43, Ankara.
TESEV (2009), "Biraz Adil, Biraz Değil...", Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Toplumun Yargı Algısı, TESEV yayınları, İstanbul.
TİAV (2013), Toplumda İçişleri Bakanlığı ve Mülki İdare Amirleri Algısı, Rapor I: Vatandaş Algısı, Türk İdare Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara.
TİAV (2014), Toplumda İçişleri Bakanlığı ve Mülki İdare Amirleri Algısı, Rapor IV: Mülki İdare Amirleri Algısı, Türk İdare Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara.
TILLY, Charles (1985), "War making and state making as organized crime". Evans P. B., Rueschemeyer, D., Skocpol, T. (Eds.), Bringing the state back in, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169-191.
TILLY, C. (1992). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1992. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
VON HAU, Matthias (2007), "State Infrastructurel Power and Nationalism: Comporative Lessons From Mexico and Argentina", BWPI Workingpaper 11, pp. 1-
Turan, Ömer (2008), "Hasta Adam Metaforunu Aşmak: Osmanlı Modernleşmesi ve Devlet Kapasitesi", Muhafazakar Düşünce, 4, 16-17, ss. 143-164.
WEBER, M. (1964), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln-Berlin.
WEISS, Linda (2005). "Infrastructural power, economic transformation, and globalization", Hall, J. A., Schroeder, R. (Eds.), An Anatomy of Power. The Social Theory of Michael Mann, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 167-186.
WEISS, L., HOBSEN, J. M. (1995), Devletler ve Ekonomik Kalkınma, Karşılaştırmalı Bir Tarihsel Analiz, (Çev.) Kıvanç Dündar, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
WORLD BANK. (2006). Administrative Capacity in the New Member States: The Limits of Innovation? Washington, DC.
WORLD BANK (2010), The Worldweide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analtical Issues, www.govindicators.org
WORLD VALUES SURVEY (2009), Wave 5 (2005-2009), Official Aggregate, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wus.jsp.
ZARTMAN, I. W. (1995), Collapsed states: the disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority, Boulder COLO- London, pp. 1-11.
ZIBLATT, D. (2008), Why Some Cities Provide More Public Goods than Others:
ASubnational Comparison of the Provision of Public Goods in German Cities in 1912.
ZÜRN, Michael (2000). "Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State. The EU and OtherInternational Institutions". European Journal of International Relations, 6(2), pp.183-221.