Schmallenberg Virüsü

Schmallenberg virüsü (SBV) 2011 yılında Almanyada sığırlarda ortaya çıkan hastalık tablosunun araştırılması sonucunda yeni keşfedilen bir virüstür. SBV sığır, koyun, keçi, manda, geyik gibi evcil ve vahşi ruminantlarda enfeksiyona neden olmaktadır. Ateş, süt veriminde azalma, ishal gibi klinik belirtilerin yanı sıra SBVnin abort, ölü doğum ve konjenital malformasyonlara da neden olduğu saptanmıştır. SBV enfeksiyonu Avrupa ülkelerinin hemen hemen tamamında tanımlanmıştır. Türkiyede yapılan SBV ile ilgili serolojik araştırma sonuçlarına göre sığırlarda %24.5, koyunlarda %39.8, keçilerde %2.8 ve mandalarda %1.5 oranında SBV seropozitifliği belirlenmiştir. SBV ile ilgili yapılan birçok araştırma mevcut olsa da yeni bir virüs olması nedeniyle SBVnin epidemiyolojisi, genetiği ve moleküler patogenezi gibi konularda çok sayıda bilinmeyen noktanın aydınlatılması için detaylı araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Schmallenberg Virus

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging virus which was discovered from a disease of cattle in Germany in 2011. SBV causes infection in domestic and wild ruminants including cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and deer. In addition to fever, reduced milk yield, diarrhoea, SBV also leads to abortion, stillbirths and congenital malformations. SBV infection is reported in almost every European country. According to serological data of SBV infection in Turkey, seropositivity rates are %24.5 in cattle, %39.8 in sheep, % 2.8 in goat and %1.5 in Anatolian water buffalo. Even though there are many researches about SBV, detailed investigations are necessary to understand epidemiology, genetics and molecular pathogenesis of SBV because of being newly emerged virus.

PDF

___

1. Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Hoper D, et al. Novel orthobunyavirus in cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 469-472.
2. Varela M, Schnettler E, Caporale M, et al. Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003133.
3. Elliott RM, Blakqori G, van Knippenberg IC, et al. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for Schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in Europe. J Gen Virol 2013; 94: 851-859.
4. Yanase T, Kato T, Aizawa M, et al. Genetic reassortment between Sathuperi and Shamonda viruses of the genus Orthobunyavirus in nature: Implications for their genetic relationship to Schmallenberg virus. Arch Virol 2012; 157: 1611-1616.
5. Goller KV, Hoper D, Schirrmeier H, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. Schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of Shamonda virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1644-1646.
6. Rosseel T, Scheuch M, Hoper D, et al. DNase SISPA-next generation sequencing confirms Schmallenberg virus in Belgian field samples and identifies genetic variation in Europe. PloS One 2012; 7: e41967.
7. Fischer M, Hoffmann B, Goller KV, et al. A mutation 'hot spot' in the Schmallenberg virus M segment. J Gen Virol 2013; 94: 1161-1167.
8. Coupeau D, Claine F, Wiggers L, Kirschvink N, Muylkens B. In vivo and in vitro identification of a hypervariable region in Schmallenberg virus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94: 1168- 1174.
9. Ariza A, Tanner SJ, Walter CT, et al. Nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and RNA polymerization. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41: 5912-5926.
10. Eifan S, Schnettler E, Dietrich I, Kohl A, Blomstrom AL. Non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: Roles and functions. Viruses 2013; 5: 2447-2468.
11. Dong H, Li P, Elliott RM, Dong C. Structure of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus nucleoprotein suggests a novel mechanism of genome encapsidation. J Virol 2013; 87: 5593-5601.
12. Shepherd DA, Ariza A, Edwards TA, et al. Probing bunyavirus N protein oligomerisation using mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28: 793-800.
13. Dong H, Li P, Bottcher B, Elliott RM, Dong C. Crystal structure of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus nucleoproteinRNA complex reveals a novel RNA sequestration mechanism. RNA 2013; 19: 1129-1136.
14. van der Heijden HM, Bouwstra RJ, Mars MH, et al. Development and validation of an indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against Schmallenberg virus in blood samples from ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95: 731-735.
15. Coupeau D, Claine F, Wiggers L, et al. Characterization of messenger RNA termini in Schmallenberg virus and related Simbuviruses. J Gen Virol 2013; 94: 2399-2405.
16. Wernike K, Hoffmann B, Breard E, et al. Schmallenberg virus experimental infection of sheep. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166: 461-466.
17. Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, Hansmann F, Baumgartner W. Salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called Schmallenberg virus in Germany. Vet Pathol 2012; 49: 588-591.
18. Muskens J, Smolenaars AJ, van der Poel WH, et al. Diarrhea and loss of production on Dutch dairy farms caused by the Schmallenberg virus. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 2012; 137: 112-115.
19. van den Brom R, Luttikholt SJ, Lievaart-Peterson K, et al. Epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with Schmallenberg virus infection. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 2012; 137: 106-111.
20. Bilk S, Schulze C, Fischer M, et al. Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159: 236-238.
21. Ducomble T, Wilking H, Stark K, et al. Lack of evidence for Schmallenberg virus infection in highly exposed persons, Germany, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1333-1335.
22. Garigliany MM, Hoffmann B, Dive M, et al. Schmallenberg virus in calf born at term with porencephaly, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1005-1006.
23. Herder V, Hansmann F, Wohlsein P, et al. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells associated with Schmallenberg virus infection of the central nervous system of ruminants. PloS One 2013; 8: e62939.
24. Breard E, Lara E, Comtet L, et al. Validation of a commercially available indirect ELISA using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies. PloS One 2013; 8: e53446.
25. Hahn K, Habierski A, Herder V, et al. Schmallenberg virus in central nervous system of ruminants. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 154-155.
26. De Regge N, van den Berg T, Georges L, Cay B. Diagnosis of Schmallenberg virus infection in malformed lambs and calves and first indications for virus clearance in the fetus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162: 595-600.
27. Elbers AR, Loeffen WL, Quak S, et al. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus antibodies among dairy cattle, the Netherlands, winter 2011-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1065-1071.
28. Garigliany MM, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, Cassart D, Desmecht D. Schmallenberg virus in domestic cattle, Belgium, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1512-1514.
29. Beer M, Conraths FJ, van der Poel WH. 'Schmallenberg virus'--a novel orthobunyavirus emerging in Europe. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141: 1-8.
30. De Regge N, Deblauwe I, De Deken R, et al. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by realtime RT-PCR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59: 471-475.
31. Chaintoutis SC, Kiossis E, Giadinis ND, et al. Evidence of Schmallenberg virus circulation in ruminants in Greece. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46: 251-255.
32. Doceul V, Lara E, Sailleau C, et al. Epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe. Vet Res 2013; 44: 31.
33. Kaba J, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L. Schmallenberg virus antibodies detected in Poland. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60: 1-3.
34. Larska M, Polak MP, Grochowska M, et al. First report of Schmallenberg virus infection in cattle and midges in Poland. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60: 97-101.
35. Bouwstra RJ, Kooi EA, de Kluijver EP, et al. Schmallenberg virus outbreak in the Netherlands: routine diagnostics and test results. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165: 102- 108.
36. Helmer C, Eibach R, Tegtmeyer PC, Humann-Ziehank E, Ganter M. Survey of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection in German goat flocks. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141: 2335- 2345.
37. Astorga RJ, Reguillo L, Hernandez M, et al. Serosurvey on schmallenberg virus and selected ovine reproductive pathogens in culled ewes from southern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61: 4-11.
38. Azkur AK, Albayrak H, Risvanli A, et al. Antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in domestic livestock in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45: 1825-1828.
39. Chiari M, Sozzi E, Zanoni M, et al. Serosurvey for schmallenberg virus in alpine wild ungulates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61: 1-3.
40. Larska M, Krzysiak M, Smreczak M, Polak MP, Zmudzinski JF. First detection of Schmallenberg virus in elk (Alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in Bialowieza National Park in Poland. Vet J 2013; 198: 279-281.
41. Linden A, Desmecht D, Volpe R, et al. Epizootic spread of Schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, Belgium, Fall 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 2006-2008.
42. Blomstrom AL, Stenberg H, Scharin I, et al. Serological Screening Suggests Presence of Schmallenberg Virus in Cattle, Sheep and Goat in the Zambezia Province, Mozambique. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61: 289-292.
43. Yilmaz H, Hoffmann B, Turan N, et al. Detection and partial sequencing of Schmallenberg virus in cattle and sheep in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14: 223-225.
44. Gerhauser I, Weigand M, Hahn K, et al. Lack of schmallenberg virus in ruminant brain tissues archived from 1961 to 2010 in Germany. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150: 151-154.
45. Risvanli A, Pestil Z, Azkur AK, et al. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in repeat breeder cows. Online J Vet Res 2013; 17: 432-435.
46. Hoffmann B, Schulz C, Beer M. First detection of Schmallenberg virus RNA in bovine semen, Germany, 2012. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167: 289-295.
47. Schulz C, Wernike K, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Infectious schmallenberg virus from bovine semen, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20: 338-340.
48. WH VDP, Parlevliet JM, Verstraten ER, et al. Schmallenberg virus detection in bovine semen after experimental infection of bulls. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142: 1495-1500.
49. Ponsart C, Pozzi N, Breard E, et al. Evidence of excretion of Schmallenberg virus in bull semen. Vet Res 2014; 45: 37.
50. Wensman JJ, Blomqvist G, Hjort M, Holst BS. Presence of antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in a dog in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2802-2803.
51. Sailleau C, Boogaerts C, Meyrueix A, et al. Schmallenberg virus infection in dogs, France, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 1896-1898.
52. Reusken C, van den Wijngaard C, van Beek P, et al. Lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of Schmallenberg virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1746-1754.
53. Bessell PR, Searle KR, Auty HK, et al. Epidemic potential of an emerging vector borne disease in a marginal environment: Schmallenberg in Scotland. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 1178.
54. Rasmussen LD, Kristensen B, Kirkeby C, et al. Culicoids as vectors of Schmallenberg virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1204-1206.
55. Elbers AR, Meiswinkel R, van Weezep E, Kooi EA, van der Poel WH. Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides Biting Midges in the Netherlands in 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 28: 339-342.
56. Reeves WK, Miller MM. Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is not a competent vector of Cache Valley virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus). Arch Virol 2013; 158: 2175-2177.
57. Scholte EJ, Mars MH, Braks M, et al. No evidence for the persistence of Schmallenberg virus in overwintering mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28: 110-115.
58. Veronesi E, Henstock M, Gubbins S, et al. Implicating Culicoides biting midges as vectors of Schmallenberg virus using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. PloS One 2013; 8: e57747.
59. De Regge N, Madder M, Deblauwe I, et al. Schmallenberg virus circulation in culicoides in Belgium in 2012: Field validation of a real time RT-PCR approach to assess virus replication and dissemination in midges. PloS One 2014; 9: e87005.
60. Larska M, Lechowski L, Grochowska M, Zmudzinski JF. Detection of the Schmallenberg virus in nulliparous Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus complex and C. punctatus-- the possibility of transovarial virus transmission in the midge population and of a new vector. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166: 467-473.
61. Schnettler E, Ratinier M, Watson M, et al. RNA interference targets arbovirus replication in Culicoides cells. J Virol 2013; 87: 2441-2454.
62. Loeffen W, Quak S, de Boer-Luijtze E, et al. Development of a virus neutralisation test to detect antibodies against Schmallenberg virus and serological results in suspect and infected herds. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54: 44.
63. Zhang Y, Wu S, Wang J, et al. Expression and purification of the nucleocapsid protein of Schmallenberg virus, and preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against this protein. Protein Express Purif 2013; 92: 1-8.
64. Fischer M, Schirrmeier H, Wernike K, et al. Development of a pan-Simbu real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the detection of Simbu serogroup viruses and comparison with SBV diagnostic PCR systems. Virol J 2013; 10: 327.
65. Wernike K, Eschbaumer M, Schirrmeier H, et al. Oral exposure, reinfection and cellular immunity to Schmallenberg virus in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165: 155-159.
66. Mansfield KL, La Rocca SA, Khatri M, et al. Detection of Schmallenberg virus serum neutralising antibodies. J Virol Methods 2013; 188: 139-144.
67. van der Poel WH, Cay B, Zientara S, et al. Limited interlaboratory comparison of Schmallenberg virus antibody detection in serum samples. Vet Rec 2014; 174: 380.
68. Elbers AR, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, van der Poel WH. Schmallenberg virus antibody persistence in adult cattle after natural infection and decay of maternal antibodies in calves. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10: 103.
69. Wernike K, Breithaupt A, Keller M, et al. Schmallenberg virus infection of adult type I interferon receptor knock-out mice. PloS One 2012; 7: e40380.
70. Gubbins S, Richardson J, Baylis M, Wilson AJ, Abrahantes JC. Modelling the continental-scale spread of Schmallenberg virus in Europe: Approaches and challenges. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116: 404-411.
71. Monaco F, Goffredo M, Federici V, et al. First cases of Schmallenberg virus in Italy: surveillance strategies. Veterinaria Italiana 2013; 49: 269-275. 72. Sedda L, Rogers DJ. The influence of the wind in the Schmallenberg virus outbreak in Europe. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 3361.
73. Westpoint Veterinary Group. The Worlds First SBV Vaccination. http://www.westpointfarmvets.co.uk/library/ files/ BovilisSBV.pdf/03.09.2014.
74. Wernike K, Nikolin VM, Hechinger S, Hoffmann B, Beer M. Inactivated Schmallenberg virus prototype vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31: 3558-3563.
75. Garigliany MM, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, et al. Schmallenberg virus: a new Shamonda/Sathuperi-like virus on the rise in Europe. Antiviral Res 2012; 95: 82-87.
76. Hechinger S, Wernike K, Beer M. Evaluating the protective efficacy of a trivalent vaccine containing Akabane virus, Aino virus and Chuzan virus against Schmallenberg virus
77. Afonso A, Abrahantes JC, Conraths F, et al. The Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Europe-2011-2013. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116: 391-403.
78. Veldhuis AM, Carp-van Dijken S, van Wuijckhuise L, Witteveen G, van Schaik G. Schmallenberg virus in Dutch dairy herds: potential risk factors for high within-herd seroprevalence and malformations in calves, and its impact on productivity. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168: 281-293.
79. Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Gauthier B, Kirschvink N, Saegerman C. Field veterinary survey on clinical and economic impact of Schmallenberg virus in Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61: 285-288.