Avian klamidiyozis

Kanatlı Klamidiyozis'i, Chlamydophila psittaci'nin sebep olduğu, evcil ve yabani kuşlarda görülen sistemik, bulaşıcı, zoonoz bir infeksiyondur. C. psittaci insanlara bulaştığı için halk sağlığı açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu makalede, Chlamydia'ların sınıflandırılması, genel özellikleri, izolasyon ve identifikasyon yöntemleri, serotiplendirilmesi, tedavisi ve kontrolü ele alınmıştır.

Avian Chlamydiosis

Avian chlamydiosis is a systemic, contagious, zoonotic disease, caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci occuring in domestic and wildfowl. C. psittaci has major importance for public health to be transmitted to humans. In this paper, the classification, general characteristics, isolation and identification methods, serotyping, treatment and control of Chlamydia were reviewed.

PDF

___

1) Page LA. Proposal for the recognition of two species in the genus Chlamydia. Jones, Rake and Stearns 1945. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1968; 18: 51-66.
2) Meyer KF. The host spectrum of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PL) agents. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63(5): 1225-1246.
3) Andersen AA, Tappe JP. Genetic, immunologic, and pathologic characterization of avian chlamydial strains. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195(11): 1512-1516.
4) Andersen AA. Avian chlamydiosis. In OIE Standards Commission (Ed.), Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines 4th edn (pp. 679-690). Paris: Office International des Epizooties. 2000.
5) Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49: 415-440.
6) Rurangirwa FR, Dilbeck PM, Crawford TB, McGuire TC, McElwain TF. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of micro-organism WSU 86-1044 from an aborted bovine foetus reveals that it is a member of the order Chlamydiales: proposal of Waddliaceae fam. nov., Waddlia chondrophila gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49: 577-581.
7) World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2004). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.7.4., Avian Chlamydiosis. http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A_summry.htm.
8) Condon K, Oakey J. Detection of Chlamydiaceae DNA in veterinary specimens using a family-specific PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45(2): 121-127.
9) Bodetti TJ, Jacobson E, Wan C, Hafner L, Popischil A, Rose K, Timms P. Molecular evidence to support the expansion of the host range of Chlamydophila pneumoniae to include reptiles as well as humans, horses, koalas and amphibians. Syst Appl Microbiol 2002; 25: 146-152.
10) Kaleta EF, Taday EM. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol 2003; 32(5): 435-461.
11) Krebsz P. Die Enforschungsgeschichte der Ornithosen. Dissertation thesis, Marburg, Germany. 1995.
12) Rake G. The lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1953; 56(3): 557-560.
13) Coles AC. Micro-organisms in chlamydiosis. The Lancet 1930; 1: 1011-1012.
14) Levinthal W. Die Ätiologie der Psittakosis. Klin Wochenschr 1930; 9: 654.
15) Lillie RD. Psittakosis: Rickettsia-like inclusions in man and in experimental animals. Public Health Report 1930; 45: 173.
16) Bedson SP, Western GT. Observations on the virus of psittacosis. British J Experiment Pathol 1930; 11: 502-511.
17) Meyer KF. Ornithosis and psittacosis. In: Biester HE, Schwarte LH (Editors.). Diseases of Poultry, 3 rd edn Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 1952; 569-618.
18) Meyer KF. Psittakosis-lymphogranuloma venerum agents. In: Lennette EH Schmidt NJ (Editors), Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 4 th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. 1965; 603-625.
19) Miyagawa Y, Mitamura T, Yaoi T, Ishii N, Okanishi J. Studies on the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale Nicolas, Favre, and Durant I, II, III, IV, V. Japan J Experiment Med 1935; 13: 331-338.
20) Page LA. Interspecies transfer of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum trachoma agents: pathogenicity of two avian and two mammalian strains for eight species of birds and mammals. Am J Vet Res 1966; 27: 397-407.
21) Haagen E. Die Papageienkrankheit (Psittacosis). In: Gildemeister E, Haagen E, Waldmann O. (Editors), Handbuch der Viruskrankheiten. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 1939; 1-23.
22) Dove A, Kos U, Slavec B, Golja J. The spread of chlamydiosis (Chlamydophilosis) in free living pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Ljubljana. Veterinarske Novice 2000; 26 (Supplement 1): 73-75.
23) Storz J, Krauss H. Chlamydia. In Blobel H. Schließer T. (Editors), Handbuch der bakteriellen Infektionen bei Tieren Jena: Fischer. 1985; 447-531
24) Krauss H, Schmeer N. Aviäre Chlamydiose. In: Heider G, Monreal G. Mèszàros J. (Editors), Krankheiten des Wirtschaftsgeflügels, Stuttgart: Fischer. 1992; Vol. II (pp.277-308).
25) Aydın N, İzgür M, Diker KS, Yardımcı H, Esendal ÖM, Paracıkoğlu J, Akan M. Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). Paracıkoğlu J. (Editör). Chlamydia ve Chlamydophila İnfeksiyonları, İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara. 2006; 305-312.
26) Andersen AA, Grimes JE, Wyrick P.B. Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, Ornithosis). In : Calnek BW, Barnes JJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM (Editors), Diseases of Poultry, 10th edn (pp. 333-349). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 1997.
27) C2- Management of scientific committtees; scientific co-operation and Networks: European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted 16 April 2002. Avian chlamydiosis as a zoonotic disease and risk reduction strategies. pp. 1-25.
28) Raso Tde F, Júnior AB, Pinto AA. Evidence of Chlamydophila psittaci infection in captive Amazon parrots in Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2002; 33(2): 118-121.
29) Maluping RP, Oronan RB, Toledo SU. Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies from captive birds at the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Center, Quezon City, Philippines. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007; 14(1): 191-193.
30) Heddema ER, Ter Sluis S, Buys JA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, van Wijnen JH, Visser CE. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in fecal droppings from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72(6) :4423-5.
31) Tanaka C, Miyazawa T, Watarai M, Ishiguro N. Bacteriological survey of feces from feral pigeons in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2005; 67(9): 951-953.
32) Prukner-Radovcić E, Horvatek D, Gottstein Z, Grozdanić IC, Mazija H. Epidemiological investigation of Chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons and free-living birds in Croatia. Vet Res Commun. 2005; 1: 17-21.
33) Mohan R. Epidemiologic and laboratory observations of Chlamydia psittaci infection in pet birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984; 184(11): 1372-1374.
34) Chahota R, Ogawa H, Mitsuhashi Y, Ohya K, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Genetic diversity and epizootiology of Chlamydophila psittaci prevalent among the captive and feral avian species based on VD2 region of ompA gene. Microbiol Immunol. 2006; 50(9): 663-678.
35) Çelebi B, Ak S. A comparative study of detecting Chlamydophila psittaci in pet birds using isolation in embryonated egg and polymerase chain reaction. Avian Dis. 2006; 50(4): 483-489.
36) Karakuzulu H. Türkiye'deki önemli hayvanat bahçelerinde bulunan su kuşları ve bakıcılarında Chlamydia psittaci prevelansnın belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Uludağ Univ. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Bursa, 2003.
37) Özbal Y. Klamidyalar. Temel ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji. Birinci Baskı, Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 1999; 705.
38) Kılıç A, Doğancı L. Chlamydia cinsi bakteriler. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi 2003; 33: 365-376.
39) Gümüşsoy KS, Arda M. Avian Klamidiozis (Psittakosis-Ornithosis). Çiftlik Dergisi, 1998; 172: 71-73.
40) Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10(1): 160-184.
41) Arda M, Minbay A, Aydın N, Akay Ö, İzgür M, Yardımcı H, Esendal ÖM, Erdeğer J, Akan M Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları. Medisan Yayın Serisi: No: 50, 1. Baskı, Ankara. 2002; 95-99.
42) Everett KDE. Chlamydia and Chlamydiales: more than meets the eye. Vet Microbiol 2000; 75: 109-126.
43) Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis: specificity of the modified Gimenez staining on smears and comparison of the sensitivity of isolation in eggs and three different cell cultures. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1992; 1939(2):105-112.
44) Arda M. Hindi Hastalıkları. BESD-BİR Beyaz Et Sanayicileri ve Damızlıkçıları Birliği Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, No: 6. Ankara, 2006; 145-148.
45) Gerlach H. Chlamydia. In: Avian medicine: Principles and Application. B.W. Ritchie, G.J. Harrison, and L.R. Harrison (eds.). HBD International Inc., Delray, Bech, Florida, 1999; 984-996.
46) Burkhart RL, Page LA. Chlamydiosis (ornithosis-psittacosis). In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. In: Davis JW, Anderson, RC.,. Karstad L, Trainer DO (editors). Iowa Satate University Press, Ames, Iowa. 1971; 118-140.
47) Grimes JE. Avian chlamydiosis. In: Handbook of Zoonoses, 2nd ed. Beran GW, Steele JH (Editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 1994; 389-402.
48) Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol 1995; 45(2-3) :93-119.
49) Andersen AA. Serotyping of Chlamydia psittaci isolates using serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies with the microimmunofluorescence test. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29(4): 707-711.
50) Andersen AA. Two new serovars of Chlamydia psittaci from North American birds. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9(2): 159-164.
51) Mohan R. Epidemiologic and laboratory observations of Chlamydia psittaci infection in pet birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 184(11): 1372-1374.
52) Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Hendrickx W. Primary pathogenicity of an European isolate of Chlamydia psittaci from turkey poults. Vet Microbiol 1993; 38(1-2): 103-113.
53) Andersen AA. Comparison of pharyngeal, fecal, and cloacal samples for the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from experimentally infected cockatiels and turkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996; 8(4): 448-450.
54) Timms P. Chlamydiosis in birds, wild and domestic animals: pathology, serology, microbiology, DNA and antigen detection. In Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Animal Diseases (editors) Corner LA, Bagust TJ, East Melbourne: CSIRO for the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management. 1993.
55) Laroucau K, Souriau A, Rodolakis A. Improved sensitivity of PCR for Chlamydophila using pmp genes. Vet Microbiol 2001; 82(2): 155-164.
56) Laroucau K, Trichereau A, Vorimore F, Mahe AM. A pmp genes-based PCR as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121(1-2): 150-157.
57) Hewinson RG, Griffiths PC, Bevan BJ, Kirwan SE, Field ME, Woodward MJ, Dawson M. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci DNA in avian clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Microbiol 1997; 54(2): 155-166.
58) Messmer TO, Skelton SK, Moroney JF, Daugharty H, Fields BS. Application of a nested, multiplex PCR to psittacosis outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(8): 2043-2046.
59) Von Bomhard W, Polkinghorne A, Lu ZH, Vaughan L, Vogtlin A, Zimmermann DR, Spiess B, Pospischil A. Detection of novel chlamydiae in cats with ocular disease. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64(11): 1421-1428.
60) Kaltenboeck B, Kousoulas KG, Storz J. Detection and strain differentiation of Chlamydia psittaci mediated by a two-step polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29(9): 1969-1975.
61) Sayada C, Andersen AA, Storey C, Milon A, Eb F, Hashimoto N, Hirai K, Elion J, Denamur E. Usefulness of omp1 restriction mapping for avian Chlamydia psittaci isolate differentiation. Res Microbiol 1995; 146(2): 155-165.
62) Everett KD, Andersen AA. Identification of nine species of the Chlamydiaceae using PCR-RFLP. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49 (Pt 2): 803-813.
63) Pepin M, Bailly L, Souriau A, Rodolakis A. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of chlamydial antibodies in caprine sera. Ann Rech Vet 1985; 16(4): 393-398.
64) Ruppaner R, Behymer DE, Delong WJ, Franti CE, Schultz TE. Enzyme immunoassay of chlamydia in birds. Avian Dis 1984; 28: 608-615.
65) Page LA. (1974): Application of an agar gel precipitin test to the serodiagnosis of avian chlamydiosis. Proc. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagnosticians, 17, 51-61.
66) Grimes JE, Tully TN Jr, Arizmendi F, Phalen DN. Elementary body agglutination for rapidly demonstrating chlamydial agglutinins in avian serum with emphasis on testing cockatiels. Avian Dis 1994; 38(4): 822-831.
67) Grimes JE, Phalen DN, Arizmendi F. Chlamydia latex agglutination antigen and protocol improvement and psittacine bird anti-chlamydial immunoglobulin reactivity. Avian Dis 1993; 37(3): 817-824.
68) Andersen AA. Chlamydiosis. In D.E. Swayne et al. (Eds.), A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens 4th edn (pp. 81-88). Kennett Square, PA: American Association of Avian Pathologists. 1998.
69) Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. Res Microbiol 1997; 148(4): 327-333.
70) Flammer, K. Preliminary notes on treatment of chlamydiosis with doxycycline medicated water. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Association of Avian Veterinarians, August 30-Semptember 1, 2000, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2000; 3-5.
71) Johnston WB, Eidson M, Smith KA, Stobierski MG. Compendium of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control, 1999. Psittacosis Compendium Committee, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214(5): 640-646.
72) Page LA. Chlamydiosis, In: A laboratory manual for isolation and identification of avian pathogens, Ithaca, Arnold. 1975.
73) Woldehiwet Z. Avian Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis/Ornithosis). In: Poultry Diseases, 5th ed, W.B. Saunders, London, UK, 2001; 194-202.
74) Schlossberg D. Chlamydia psittaci. “Mandell GL., Bennnett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practiceof Infectious Diseases”, p2004, 5th Ed., Philedelphia: Churchill Livingstone. 2000.
75) Page LA. Studies on immunity to chlamydiosis in birds, with particular reference to turkeys. Am J Vet Res 1975; 36(4 Pt 2): 597-600.
76) Andersen AA, Vanrompay D. Avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis, ornithosis), In: Saif YM Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed., Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa, 2003; 863-879.
77) Huminer D, Pitlik S, Kitayin D, Weissman Y, Samra Z. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection among persons who work with birds. Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28(10): 739-741.
78) Hinton DG, Shipley A, Galvin JW, Harkin JT, Brunton RA. Chlamydiosis in workers at a duck farm and processing plant. Aust Vet J 1993; 70(5): 174-176
79) Saito T, Ohnishi J, Mori Y, Iinuma Y, Ichiyama S, Kohi F. Infection by Chlamydophilia avium in an elderly couple working in a pet shop. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43(6): 3011-3013.
80) Broholm KA, Böttiger M, Jernelius H, Johansson M, Grandien M, Sölver K. Ornithosis as a nosocomial infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1977; 9(4): 263-267.
81) Pether JVS. (Psittacosis infection from patient to staff. Communicable Disease Report (PHLS) 81/05. 1981.
82) Viciana P, Bozada JM, Martin-Sanz V, Martinez-Marcos F, Martin A, Pachon J. [Psittacosis of avian origin as etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with severe onset]. Rev Clin Esp 1993; 192(1): 28-30.
83) Andersen AA, Vanrompay D. Avian chlamydiosis. Rev Sci Tec 2000; 19(2): 396-404.