SENEM NART, BURAK YAPRAK, YAVUZ TANSOY YILDIRIM, Ahmet Yusuf SARIHAN

The Relationship of Diversity Management and Servant Leadership with Organizational Identification and Creativity in Multinational Enterprises

With the internationalization and globalization of economies, a transition from monocultural to multicultural life has taken place across all enterprises. In line with this transformation, we observe diversification of employee profiles through developments such as the increase in the number of employees with foreign nationalities, the increase in the rate of women participating in the labor force, as well as the number of employees with different cultures, knowledge, skills and abilities. All of these developments have led to the “management of the diversities” approach, which anticipates managing individual differences within an organization in order to create a competitive advantage for the enterprise. Thus, a new strategy has emerged that is increasingly important for today’s businesses. This study examines the mediating effect of the understanding of management of diversities and servant leadership in relation to organizational identification and creativity in multinational enterprises. We have collected employee perceptions from 267 participants. The findings suggest significant relationship between management of diversities, servant leadership, organizational identification and creativity.

Çokuluslu İşletmelerde Farklılık Yönetimi ve Hizmetkar Liderlik İlişkisinin Örgütsel Özdeşleşme ve Yaratıcılık Üzerindeki Etkisi

Ekonomilerin uluslararasılaşması ve globalleşmesiyle birlikte işletmelerde tek kültürlü yaşamdan çok kültürlü yaşama doğru bir geçiş yaşanmaktadır. Bu değişim doğrultusunda, işletmelerde yabancı uyruklu çalışan sayısında artış, kadınların işgücüne katılımının artması, farklı kültür, bilgi, beceri ve yeteneğe sahip çalışan sayısının artması gibi gelişmeler, çalışan profilini çeşitlendirmektedir. Tüm bu gelişmeler, örgüt içindeki bireysel farklılıkları, işletme için rekabet avantajı yaratmak amacıyla yönetmeyi öngören “farklılıkların yönetimi” yaklaşımını doğurmuş ve günümüz işletmeleri için önemi artan yeni bir strateji gelişmiştir. Bu çalışmada ise çalışan görüşlerine göre uluslararası alanda faaliyetlerini sürdüren bir firmada görev yapan yöneticilerin hizmetkâr liderlik yeterlikleri ile örgütsel özdeşleşme ve yaratıcılık ilişkisinde farklılıkların yönetimi anlayışının aracılık etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 262 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda farklılıkların yönetimi, hizmetkar liderlik örgütsel özdeşleşme ve yaratıcılık arasında önemli ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir.

PDF

___

ALTUNIŞIK, Remzi, Recai COŞKUN, Serkan BAYRAKTAROĞLU ve Engin YILDIRIM;(2012), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Sakarya Kitapevi, Sakarya.

ASHKANASY, Neal. M., Charmine. E. J. HARTEL, and Catherine, S. DAUS;(2002), “Diversity and Emotion: The New Frontiers in Organizational Behavior Research”, Journal of Management, 28(3), pp.307-338.

BALAY, Refik; (2010),“Öğretim Elemanlarının Örgütsel Yaratıcılık Algıları”, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 43 (1),pp. 41-78.

BALAY, Refik, Ahmet, KAYA and Reyhan GEÇDOĞANYILMAZ; (2014), “Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Hizmetkâr Liderlik Yeterlikleri ile Farklılıkları Yönetme Becerileri Arasındaki İlişki”, Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4(1), pp.228-249.

BARBOSA, Iris and Cabral-Cardoso, CARLOS;(2007), “Managing Diversity in Academic Organizations: A Challenge To Organizational Culture”, Women in Management Review, 22(4), pp.274-288.

BARON, Reuben. M. and David A. KENNY; (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinctionin Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, And Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6),pp.1173- 1182.

BHADURY, Joyendu,E. Joy, MIGHTY,and Hario,DAMAR; (2000), “Maximizing Workforce Diversity in Project Teams: A Network Flow Approach”, The International Journal of Management Science 28(6), pp.143-153.

BUCHANAN, Bruce; (1974), “Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, pp.533-546

BUDAK, Gönül; (2008), Yetkinliğe Dayalı İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.

COX, Taylor, H., (1991);“Managing Cultural Diversity: İmplications for Organizational Competitiveness”, Academy of Management Executive, 15 (3), pp 45-55

COX, Taylor. H; (1994), Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice, San Francisco, Barrett - Koehler Publishers.

COX, Taylor, Jr. and Stacy, BLAKE; (1991), “Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness”, Academy of Management Executive, 5(3), pp.45–56.

ÇAKINBERK, Arzu, Neslihan, DERIN, and T. Erkan DEMIREL; (2011),“Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Örgütsel Bağlılıkla Biçimlenmesi: Malatya ve Tunceli Özel Eğitim Kurumları Örneği”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, pp.89-121.

ÇEKMECELIOĞLU, Hülya, G.; (2005), “Örgüt İkliminin İş Tatmini ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Araştırma”, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Blimler Fakültesi, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 6 (2), pp.23-39.

CUMMINGS, Larry, L. and Donald, P., SCHWAB; (1973), Performance in Organisations: Determinants and Appraisal. Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company.

DENNIS, Rob, and Bruce, E., WINSTON; (2003), “A Factor Analysis of Page and Wong’s Servant Leadership Instrument”, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24, (7/8), pp.455–459.

DIETZ, Joerg, and Lars, E., PETERSEN; (2006), Diversity Management, Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management (pp. 223243). (Editors: Stahl, G., Björkman, I.). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

DINÇER, Müjde. Ker and Selin,BITIRIM; (2007), “Kurum Kültürü Çalışmalarında Hizmetkâr Liderlik Anlayışı ile Değer Yaratmak”, İ.Ü. İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (28) pp.61-72.

DURAN, Cengiz. and Metin, SARAÇOĞLU; (2009),“Yeniliğin Yaratıcılıkla Olan İlişkisi ve Yeniliği Geliştirme Süreci”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi DergisiYönetim ve Ekonomi, 1 (16), p.59.

EDWARDS, Martin, R.; (2005), Organizational identification: A conceptual and operational review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(4):207–230.

EINSTEINE, Parimalam, and Kevin, P., HWANG; (2007), An Appraisal for Determinants of Organizational Creativity and Impacts on Innovative Behavior, Proceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 1041- 1055.

ERGÜL, Hüseyin. F. and Mehmet, KURTULMUŞ; (2014),“Farklılıkların Yönetimi Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, pp.298-312.

ESTY, Katharine, Richard, GRİFFİN and Marcie, SCHORRHİRSH; (1995), Workplace Diversity. A Manager’s Guide to Solving Problems and Turning Diversity Into A Competitive Advantage, Avon, MA: Adams Media Corporation.

EUROPEAN COMMİSSİON (2005), The Business Case for Diversity – Good Practices in the Workplace, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

FORD, Cameron and Dennis, GİOİA; (2000), “Factors Influencing Creativity in The Domain of Managerial Decision Making”, Journal of Management, 26(4), pp.705-732.

GATHERS, Daryl; (2003), “Diversity Management. An Imperative for Healthcare Organizations”, Hospital Topics. 81(4),pp.14-20.

GEÇDOĞAN Yılmaz, R.; (2013), Kamuda Görev Yapan Yöneticilerin Hizmetkâr Liderlik Yeterlikleri İle Farklılıkları Yönetme Becerileri,Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Harran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şanlıurfa.

GRÖSCHL, Stefan; (2011), “Diversity Management Strategies of Global Hotel Groups A Corporate Web Site Based Exploration”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(2), pp.224-240.

GÜRBÜZ, Sait and Mustafa, BEKMEZCİ;(2012), “İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Uygulamalarının Bilgi İşçilerinin İşe Ayrılma Niyetine Etkileşmesi Duygusal Bağlılığın Aracılık ve Düzenleyicilik Rolü”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), pp.189-213.

HAMILTON, Frank; (2008), Servant Leadership. In Leadership: The Key Concepts,(Editors: A. Marturano and J. Gosling) London: Routledge, pp. 146-50,

HAYS-THOMAS, Rosemary; (2004), Why Now? The Contemporary Focus on Managing Diversity. The Psychology and Management of Workplace Diversity (ss. 3-30) (Editors: Stockdale, M. S., Crosby, F. J.). USA: Blackwell Publishing.

JACKSON, Susan E., Aparna, JOSHİ, and Niclas, LERHARDT; (2003), “Recent Research on Team and Organizational Diversity: SWOT Analysis and Implications”, Journal of Management, 29(6), pp.801-830.

JUNG, Dong, I., Chee, CHOW, and Anne, WU; (2003),“The Role of Transformational Leadership in Enhancing Organizational Innovation: Hypothese and Some Preliminary Finding”, The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5), pp.525-544.

KAMP, Anette andPeter, HAGEDORN-RASMUSSEN; (2004), “Diversity Management in A Danish Context: Towards a Multicultural or Segregated Working Life”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 25(4), pp.525-554.

KREİTZ, Patricia, A; (2008), “Best Practices for Managing Organizational Diversity”, The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 34, pp.101-120.

LAUB, James A.; (1999),“Assessing The Servant Organization: Development of The Organizational Leadership Assessment İnstrument”, Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (2), p.308.

LANDAU, Sy., Barbara, LANDAU, and Daryl, LANDAU;(2001), From Conflict to Creativity. San Francisco, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

LİDEN, Robert C., Sandy, J., WAYNE and Dean STİLWELL; (1993), “A Longitudinal Study on the Early Development of Leader-Member Exchanges”, Journal of Applied Psychology 78, pp. 662-674.

MAEL, Fred, and Blake. E. ASHFORTH; (1992),“Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of The Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, pp.103-123.

MANNİX, Elizabeth and Margaret,A., NEALE; (2005), “What Differences Make A Difference: The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations”, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6(2), pp.31-55.

MCKİNNON, David P., Amanda. J. FAİRCHİLD and Matthew, S. FRİTZ; (2010),“Mediation Analysis”, Annual Review of Psychology, 58, pp.593–614.

MCGRATH, Joseph, E., Jennifer. L. BERDAHL, and Holly ARROW; (1995), Traits, Expectations, Culture and Clout: The Dynamics of Diversity in Workgroups, (Editors: S.E. Jackson & M.N. Ruderman) Diversity in work teams. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

MCKAY, Patrick, F., Derek, R., AVERY and Mark. A. MORRİS; (2008), “Mean Racial-Ethnic Differences in Employee Sales Performance: The Moderating Role of Diversity Climate”, Personnel Psychology, 61, pp.349–374.

MEMDUHOĞLU, Hasan, B.; (2007), Yönetici ve Öğretmen Görüşlerine Göre Türkiye’de Kamu Liselerinde Farklılıkların Yönetimi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitim Yönetimi Teftişi Planlaması ve Ekonmisi Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara.

MUJTABA, Bahaudin, G. and Jatuporn, SUNGKHAWAN; (2009), “Situational Leadership and Diversity Management Coaching Skills”, Journal of Diversity Management, 4(1), pp.1- 12.

NART, Senem; (2015), Tükenmişliğe Etki Eden Faktörler ve Tükenmişliğin Yaratıcılık Üzerine Etkisi: Televizyon Programları Yapımcılığı Sektörüne Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Balıkesir.

OLDHAM, Greg, R., and Anne, CUMMINGS; (1996),“Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Factors at Work”, Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), pp. 607–634.

PAGE, Don, and Paul, T. P.,WONG; (2000),“A Conceptual Framework For Measuring Servant Leadership”, The Human Factor in Shaping The Course of History and Development, pp.69-110.

REDMOND, Matthew, R., Michael, D., MUMFORD and Richard, TEACH; (1993), “Putting Creativity in Work: Effects of Leader Behavior on Subordinate Creativity”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, pp.120 –151.

REİCHENBERG, Neil, E; (2001), Best Practices in Diversity Management. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Managing Diversity in the Civil Service, United Nations Headquarters. New York. 3-4 May 2001.

ROWE, W.Glen, Albert, A., Jr., CANNELLA, Debra, RANKIN, and Doug, GORMAN; (2005),“Leader Succession & Organizational Performance: Integrating The Common-Sense, Ritual Scapegoating & Vicious-Circle Succession Theories”, The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), pp.197-219.

SCHERMERHON, John, R., James., G., HUNT and Richard, N. OSBORN; (2000), Organizational Behaviour, 7. Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.

SHABAN, Aya; (2016). “Managing and Leading a Diverse Workforce: One of the Main Challenges in Management”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 230, pp.76 – 84. 3rd International Conference on New Challenges in Management and Organization: Organization and Leadership, 2 May 2016, Dubai, UAE

SCHELBLE, Randyl, M.; (2002), Organizational Identification and The Development Of Professional Community, Department of Educational Leadership And Policy, Utah University, Published Doctoral Dissertation, Utah

SONNENSCHEİN, William; (1997), The Diversity Toolkit: How You Can Build and Benefit From a Diverse Workforce,New York: McGraw Hill Companies.

STONE, A. Gregory, Robert, F., RUSSELL, and Kathleen, PATTERSON;(2004), “Transformational Versus Servant Leadership: A Difference in Leader Focus”,Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 25(3/4), p.349.

SÜRGEVİL, Olca and Gülay, BUDAK; (2008), “İşletmelerin Farklılıkların Yönetimi Anlayışına Yaklaşım Tarzlarının Saptanmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(4), pp. 65-96.

THOMAS, R. Roosevelt; (1990), “From Affirmative Action to Affirming Diversity”, Harvard Business Review, 2, p.107-117.

TOZKOPARAN, Güler and Çiğdem, VATANSEVER; (2011), “Farklılıkların Yönetimi: İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticilerinin Farklılık Algısı Üzerine Bir Odak Grup Çalışması”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi (21), pp.89-109.

TURNBULL, Helen, Regina, GREENWOOD, Leslie, TWOROGER, and Charles, GOLDEN; (2010), “Skill Deficiencies in Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations: Developing an Inclusion Skills Measurement”, Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 9(1).

UNİTED STATES GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABİLİTY OFFİCE; (2005), Diversity Management: Expert-Identified Leading Practices and Agency Examples, Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, GAO-05-90 (www.gao.gov/ cgibin/getrpt?GAO-05-90).

VAN DİERENDONCK, Dirk and Inge NUİJTEN; (2011), “The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validition of a Multidimensional Measure”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), pp. 249-267.

VİLLAMİL, Astrid, M; (2007), Perceptions of Diversity Management and Organizational Attractiveness: Exploring the Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, and Type of Recruitment Advertisement, Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas.

WİLLİAMS, Katherine and Charles, O’REİLLY; (1998), “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years Of Research”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, pp.77- 140.

WU, Cindy, Jeffery, S.,MCMULLEN, Mitchell, J., NEUBERT, and Xiang Yİ; (2008), “The Influence of Leader Regulatory Focus On Employee Creativity”, Journal of Business Venturing, 23, pp.587-602.

ZAMPETAKİS, Leonidas, A.; (2010), Unfolding the Measurement of The Creative Personality, The Journal of Creative Behavior, 44(2), pp.105-123.