Theory and Practice of Fiscal and Cultural Commons in Italy

In mainstream economics literature, goods that are rivalrous but non-excludable are called commons. However, historically the literature of commons contains quite different goods with a large range of different types of content; this makes the validity of the basic definition of commons controversial. Besides, the forms of governance that depend on them are also economically and politically debatable. In this manner, by the early 2000s, the commons issue has encouraged theoretical debates, as well as social movements, practical experiences, and new proposals to construct legal frameworks in different fields of commons. The purpose of the paper is to contribute to this theoretical discussion and also to examine the contents of the commons especially in the Italian school of economists, which has significant importance in the field of public finance, and to explore practical experiences about commons in Italy. In this context, Italian fiscalbudgetary commons (including Italy’s public debt which is the second highest in the euro zone) and also Italian cultural commons (natural or human-made) will be discussed and social movements concerning them will be interpreted.

İtalya’daki Kültürel ve Mali Müştereklerin Teori ve Pratiği

Anaakım iktisat literatüründe, kullanımlarında rekabetin olduğu ancak kişileri sözkonusu malın tüketiminden dışlamanın mümkün olmadığı mallar, müşterekler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ancak müşterekler literatürü, geniş bir içerik yelpazesine sahip olan oldukça farklı malları içermekte ve bu durum, müştereklerin temel tanımının tartışmalı hale gelmesine neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca, müştereklerin yönetim biçimleri de ekonomik ve politik açıdan incelenen alanlardır. Buna ek olarak 2000’li yılların başı itibariyle müşterekler konusu, toplumsal hareketleri, bu alanda pratik deneyimleri ve ilgili yasal çerçeveler için yeni önermeleri teşvik etmekte ve teorik tartışmalara neden olmaktadır. Makalenin amacı gerek sözkonusu teorik alandaki tartışmalara katkı sunmak, gerekse de maliye yazınında öneme sahip olan italyan ekolünün müşterekler konusundaki çalışmalarının içeriğini incelemek ve ülkedeki müşterekler alanındaki pratik deneyimleri araştırmaktır. Bu bağlamda, İtalya’daki mali/bütçesel müşterekler (euro bölgesinin ikinci en yüksek kamu borçları) ve ayrıca kültürel müşterekler (doğal veya insan yapımı) tartışılacak ve bunlarla ilgili toplumsal hareketler yorumlanacaktır.

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