Dünya Ekonomisinde Üretim Faktörü Hareketlerindeki Değişimler ve BRIC Ülkelerine Yansimalari

Liberalleşmenin de etkisi ile Kuzeyin Güneyle daha ucuz ticaret yapması, özellikle emek yoğun üretimde karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerin güneye kaymasına neden olurken; üretim teknolojisindeki gelişmeler, ülkelerin belli bir ürün yerine nispeten daha etkin oldukları üretim aşamalarına odaklanmalarını sağlamıştır. Di- ğer yandan telekomünikasyon ve internet ağındaki gelişmeler, dışarıdan/yurtdı- şından hizmet ve yenilik teminini hızlandırarak küresel değer zincirlerini küresel yenilik zincirlerine dönüştürmektedir. Dışarıdan/yurtdışından temin ile ortaya çı- kan bu süreçte, homojen veya farklılaştırılmış mal kavramlarının yerini parçalanmış mallar almaya başlamıştır. Parçalanma, nihai ürünü elde etmek için üretim süreçlerinin bölünerek farklı yerleşim yerlerine yayılmasıdır. Üretim süreçlerinin parçalanıp farklı ülkelere yayılması ve dikey uzmanlaşmanın yaygınlaşması sonucu, dışarıdan/yurtdışından ürün temini ile küresel ürün ağlarının uluslararası ticaretteki önemi giderek artmaktadır. Günümüz küreselleşme sürecinde yaşanan bu gelişmeler, BRIC ülkelerinin (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin) gelişmiş ülkeler ile hızlı bir yakınsama sürecine girmesinde de önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, üretim faktörü hareketlerinde yaşanan değişimler ile BRIC ülkelerinin yakınsama süreci arasındaki ilişki incelenecektir

Changes of Production Factor Movements in World Economy and Reflection of BRIC Countries

Since North countries have more traded with South adopting liberal politics, they have acquired comparative advantage in labor intensive goods. Because of product technology developments, countries specializes product process which have comparative advantage instead of special goods. This period in which has been arisen with outsourcing/offshoring, fragmentation products has replaced by homogeny and heterogeneous products. Fragmentation is defined as the splitting of a product process into two to more steps that can be undertaken in different locations but that lead to the same final product. As a result of fragment products and widespread of vertical specialization, the importance of product networks has been continuing to rise in international trade. Besides globalization value chains has been transforming to globalization innovation chains. These developments occurred by present globalization, have also contributed to BRIC countries to have entered a convergence period with development countries. This working paper in which will be analyzed the relation between changes of production factor movements and BRIC countries convergence period

PDF

___

ANDO, Mitsiyo and KIMURA, Fukunari; (2003), The Formation of International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia, NBER Working Paper.
ASHOK, Deo and CYNTHIA, Kroll; (2003), The New Wave of Outsourcing, Fisher Center Research Reports.
BALDWIN, Richard; (2006), “Managing The Noodle Bowl: The Fragity of East Asian Regionalism” Graduate Instute of International Studies, Geneva.
BOYSON, Sandor; (2004), Eras of Enterprise Globalization: From Vertical Integration to Virtualization and Beyond, University of Maryland College Park.
DAHLMAN, Carl; (2009), Innovation Strategies of Three of the BRICS: Brazil, India and China-What Can We Learn from Three Different Approaches? SLPTMD Working PaperSeries No: 023, University Of Oxford, Deparment of International Development.
DREZNER, Daniel; (2004), “The Outsourcing Bogeyman”, Foreign Affairs.
ERNST, Dieter; (2008), Innovation Offshoring and Asia’s Upgrading Through Innovation Strategies. East West Working Papers.
FREEMAN, Nick and Bartels, Frank; (2004), The Future of Foreign Investment in Southeast Asia. New York. Routldge Curzon.
GEREFFI, Gary; (1999),” International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Commodity Chain”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 48.
JONES, Ronald, Kierzkowskı, Henryk and Lurong, Chen.2005.” What Does Evidence Tell Us About Fragmentation and Outsourcing”, Unu Wider Jubilee Conference.
KHANA, Tarun and PALPEU, Krishna; (2006), “Emerging Markets, Emerging Giants”, The New York Times Economic Review, Vol. 84.
LARA, Palacios; (2008), “Multinational Corporatıon and the Economy of Networks: An Overview”, Multinational Corporations and Emerging Network In Asia and The Pasific, New Yok.
LUTJHE, Boy; (2004), “Global Production Network and Industrial Upgrading in China: the Case of Electronics Contract Manufacturing”, East West Center Working Papers, No:74 October.
OECD; (2008), Benchmark, Defination of Foreign Direct Investment, OECD,
The Business of Innovation http//www. batelle.org. “2011 Global R&D Forecast”,11.04.2011
UNCTAD; (2005), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva.
UNCTAD; (2007), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva.
UNCTAD; (2008), South-South Trade in Asia: The Role of Regional Trade Agreements, Unctad, New York and Geneva.
UNCTAD; (2009), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva
UNCTAD; (2009), Trade and Development Report, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva.
UNCTAD; (2010), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, New York and Geneva
WEMEL, Handrin and CRAENEN, Veronique; (2006),“Foreign Direct Investment: Western vs. Eastern Europe and the Retailer Case”, Workshop 4, Catholic University Leuven.
YILMAZ, Şiir, ÇAKMAK Özge; (2008), “Dışarıda Üretim ve Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaretinin Dışarıda Üretim Açısından İncelenmesi”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt 19: 33-58.