Fırat DOĞAN, Ali Rıza BABAOĞLU, Seval Bilge DAĞALP, İlker Şahinkesen, Enes Arda ARSLAN

Hayvan Coronavirusları, türler arası geçiş ve zoonotik potansiyelleri

Coronaviruslar (CoV) insan ve omurgalıların önemli patojenleriolarak bilinmektedir. Bu viruslar insan, hayvan, kuş, yarasa, fare vebirçok yaban hayvanında solunum, gastrointestinal ve merkezi sinirsistemi enfeksiyonları oluşturabilmektedir. İnsan CoV enfeksiyonları öncelikle üst solunum yolları ve gastrointestinal sistemi etkilemektedir. Klinik semptomlar hafif soğuk algınlığı benzeri tablodan,daha şiddetli bronşit ve pnömoni gibi akciğer ilişkili formlara kadardeğişmektedir. İki bin iki yılında SARS ve 2012’de MERS salgınlarından sonra CoV’ların hayvanlardan insanlara (zoonotik CoV’ler)bulaşma olasılığı kanıtlanmıştır. Aralık 2019’da ise Çin’in Wuhankentinde başlayan ve nedeni bilinmeyen bir pnömoni salgını dünyaçapında bir yayılım göstermiştir. Ocak 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından bu virus yeni tip Coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-19)olarak tanımlanmış ve Şubat 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)bu salgını küresel acil durum ilan ederek coronavirus hastalığı 2019(COVID-19) olarak açıklamıştır. Bu salgında dünya genelinde hergün binlerce ağır hasta spesifik antiviral tedavi eksikliği ve kliniktedavi yetersizliği nedeniyle hayatını kaybetmektedir. CoV’lerin sonyıllarda yüksek orandaki nükleotid değişimi ve rekombinasyonu büyük ölçüde populasyon, kentleşme ve modern tarım ve hayvancılıkuygulamaları gibi faktörler nedeniyle hızlanmaktadır. Bu faktörler,türler arası karışımı ve tür bariyerlerinin geçişini kolaylaştırmış veCoV’lerin genomik rekombinasyonuna yol açmıştır. Viral zoonoz enfeksiyonları önlemenin etkili yolu,“tek sağlık” kavramını dikkate alarak doğal rezervuarlar ve insanlar arasındaki engelleri korumaktır.

Animal coronaviruses, interspecies transmission and zoonotic potential

Coronaviruses (CoV) are known to be important pathogens of humans and vertebrates. These viruses can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system infections in humans, animals, birds, bats, mice and many wild animals. Lung-related forms such as bronchitis and pneumonia are more severe than a mild cold-like clinical feature in humans. After the SARS epidemics in 2002 and MERS in 2012, the possibility of CoV transmission from animals to humans (zoonotic CoVs) has been proven. In December 2019, a pneumonia epidemic that started in Wuhan, China and whose cause is unknown, spread worldwide. In January 2020, this virus was identified as the new type of Coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO), and in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared this epidemic a global emergency, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as explained. In this epidemic, thousands of seriously ill patients die every day due to the lack of specific antiviral treatment and inadequate clinical treatment. The high rate of nucleotide change and recombination of CoVs in recent years has been accelerating largely due to factors such as population, urbanization and modern agriculture and animal husbandry practices. These factors facilitated inter-species mixing and crossing species barriers and led to genomic recombination of CoVs. An effective way to prevent viral zoonotic infections is to protect barriers between natural reservoirs and human society, taking into account the concept of "one health".

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