İbrahim AYDIN, Ahmet SEMACAN, Mehmet Buğra KIVRAK, Yusuf Ziya ÇAKIR

Düvelerde farklı senkronizasyon yöntemlerinin fetal cinsiyet üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi

Amaç: Sunulan çalışma, düvelerde uygulanan farklı senkronizasyon yöntemlerinin fetal cinsiyet üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Düveler (n=120) rastgele 3 gruba ayrılarak birinci grup (n=40) PGF2α, ikinci grup (n=40) ovsynch protokolü, 3. grup (n=40) ise intravajinal progesteron salan bir aygıt kullanılarak senkronize edildi. Gebe düveler takip edilerek buzağıların cinsiyetleri kaydedildi. Bunlara ek olarak daha iyi bir değerlendirme yapabilmek amacıyla bir önceki yıla ait işletme kayıtları alındı. Bulgular: Birinci gruptaki düvelerde % 42,5 oranında gebelik elde edildi ve bu gebelikler sonrası şekillenen doğumlardan 11’inde erkek, 6’sında dişi buzağı doğdu. İkinci gruptaki düvelerde % 45,0 oranında gebelik elde edildi ve bu gebelikler sonrası şekillenen doğumlardan 7’sinde erkek, 11’inde dişi buzağı doğdu. Üçüncü gruptaki düvelerde ise % 40,0 oranında gebelik elde edildi ve bu gebelikler sonrası şekillenen doğumlardan 8’inde erkek, 8’inde dişi buzağı doğdu. Bir önceki yıla ait işletme kayıtları incelendiğinde gebeliği tespit edilen düvelerden % 48,1’i dişi ve % 51,9’u erkek buzağı doğduğu belirlendi. Gruplar arasında gebelik oranları ve fetal cinsiyet bakımından önemli bir farkın olmadığı tespit edildi (P>0.05). Aynı zamanda bir önceki işletme kayıtlarına göre de fetal cinsiyet bakımından istatistiki olarak bir fark belirlenemedi (P>0.05). Öneri: Sonuç olarak, düvelerde farklı senkronizasyon yöntemlerinin fetal cinsiyet üzerine etkisinin olmadığı belirlendi. İstatistiksel fark belirlenememesine rağmen sayısal olarak çift doz PGF2α grubunda daha fazla erkek, Ovsynch grubunda ise daha fazla dişi buzağı doğduğu görüldü.

Determination of the effect of different synchronization protocols on fetal sex in heifers

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the effect of differentsynchronization protocols on fetal sex in heifers.Materials and Methods: Heifers (n=120) were divided randomly into three groups. The heifers in the first group (n=40),the second group (40), and the third group (n=40) weresynchronized with two doses of PGF2α, Ovsynch, and intravaginal progesterone respectively. Pregnant heifers were followedup and the sexes of calves were recorded. Operation records ofthe last year were taken in order for better evaluation.Results: In the first group, the pregnancy rate was 42.7% and11 of calves born were male, 6 of them were female. In the second group, 45% pregnancy rate was achived and 7 of calvesborn of these pregnancies were male, 11 of which were female.As for the third group, 40,0% pregnancy rate was achived and 8of calves born of these pregnancies were male, 8 of them female. When the operating records belongs to previous year wereanalyzed, it was determined that 48,1% female calf 51,9% malecalves were born. No significant differences were found in pregnancy rate and fetal sex rate between different groups (P>0.05).Moreover, there was no statistical difference in gender ratiowhen datas compared with operating records (P>0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, it was determined that differentsynchronization methods had no effect on fetal sex. Althoughthere was no significant differences between groups, more malecalves in PGF2α and more female calves were born in Ovsynchgroup.

PDF

___

Almiñana C, Caballero I, Heath PR, Maleki-Dizaji S, Parrilla I, Cuello C, Gil MA, Vazquez JL, Vazquez JM, Roca J, Martinez EA, Holt WV, Fazeli A, 2014. The battle of the sexes starts in the oviduct: modulation of oviductal transcriptome by X and Y-bearing spermatozoa. BMC genomics, 15(1), 293.
Bayril T, Yilmaz O, 2013. Effect of timing of artificial insemination after synchronization of ovulation on reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. Tropical animal health and production. 45(2), 411-416.
Berry DP, Friggens NC, Lucy M, Roche JR, 2016. Milk production and fertility in cattle. Annual review of animal biosciences. 4, 269-290.
Binelli M, Gonella-Diaza AM, Mesquita FS, Membrive CMB 2018. Sex Steroid-Mediated Control of Oviductal Function in Cattle. Biology. 7(1), 15.
Bodmer M, Janett F, Hässig M, Den Daas N, Reichert P, Thun R, 2005. Fertility in heifers and cows after low dose insemination with sex-sorted and non-sorted sperm under field conditions. Theriogenology. 64(7), 1647-1655.
Carvalho JO, Silva LP, Sartori R, Dode MA 2013. Nanoscale differences in the shape and size of x and y chromosomebearing bovine sperm heads assessed by atomic force microscopy. PloS one, 8(3), e59387.
Chen X, Zhu H, Wu C, Han W, Hao H, Zhao X, Du W, Qin T, Liu Y, Wang D, 2012. Identification of differentially expressed proteins between bull X and Y spermatozoa. Journal of proteomics. 77, 59-67.
De Canio M, Soggiu A, Piras C, Bonizzi L, Galli A, Urbani A, Roncada P, 2014. Differential protein profile in sexed bovine semen: shotgun proteomics investigation. Molecular BioSystems. 10(6), 1264-1271.
Demiral O, Ün M, Abay M, Bekyürek T, 2007. The effect of artificial insemination timing on the sex ratio of offspring and fertility in dairy cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 31(1), 21-24.
Dominko T, First NL, 1997. Relationship between the maturational state of oocytes at the time of insemination and sex ratio of subsequent early bovine embryos. Theriogenology, 47,1041-1050.
Duffy DM, Stouffer RL, 2001. The ovulatory gonadotrophin surge stimulates cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin production by the monkey follicle. MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine. 7(8), 731-739.
Freedberg S, Bowden RM, Ewert MA, Sengelaub DR, Nelson CE 2006. Long-term sex reversal by oestradiol in amniotes with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Biology letters, 2(3), 378-381.
Garner DL, Evans KM, Seidel GE, 2013. Sex-sorting sperm using flow cytometry/cell sorting. Spermatogenesis: Methods and Protocols, 927, 279-295.
Garner DL, Siedel GE, 2008. History of commercializing sexed semen for cattle. Theriogenology. 69:866-895
Grant VJ, 2006. Entrenched misinformation about X and Y sperm. Bmj, 332(7546), 916.
Grant VJ, Irwin RJ 2005. Follicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology, 303(12), 1120-1125.
Grant VJ, Irwin RJ, Standley NT, Shelling AN, Chamley LW, 2008. Sex of bovine embryos may be related to mothers' preovulatory follicular testosterone. Biology of reproduction. 78(5), 812-815.
Harlap S, 1979 Gender of infants conceived on different days of the menstrual cycle. New Engl J Med, 300:1445–1448.
Holm DE, 2006. The economic effect of an oestrus synchronisation protocol using prostaglandin and reproductive tract scoring in beef heifers in South Africa. PhD Thesis. University of Pretori, Pretoria.
Hossain AM, Barik S, Kulkarni PM 2001. Lack of significant morphological differences between human X and Y spermatozoa and their precursor cells (spermatids) exposed to different prehybridization treatments. Journal of andrology, 22(1), 119-123.
James WH, 1980. Gonadotrophin and the human secondary sex ratio. BMJ 281 711–712.
James WH, 1996. Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels at the time of conception. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 180, 271-286
James WH, 2008. Further evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels around the time of conception. Human Reproduction, 19,6,1250-1256.
Johnson LA, 1995. Sex preselection by flow cytometric separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm based on DNA difference: a review. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7(4), 893-903.
Johnson LA, Welch GR 1999. Sex preselection: high-speed flow cytometric sorting of X and Y sperm for maximum efficiency. Theriogenology, 52(8), 1323-1341.
Kent JP, 1995. Birth sex ratios in sheep over nine lambing seasons: years 7–9 and the effects of ageing. Behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 36(2), 101-104.
Krackow S, 1995. Potential mechanisms for sex ratio adjustment in mammals and birds. Biological Reviews, 70(2), 225-241.
Lamb GC, Larson JE, Geary TW, Stevenson JS, Johnson SK, Day MLRP, Ansotegui DJ, Kesler JM, DeJarnette, Landblom DG, 2014. Synchronization of estrus and artificial insemination in replacement beef heifers using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F, and progesterone. Journal of animal science, 84(11), 3000-3009.
Lane EA, Hyde TS 1973. Effect of maternal stress on fertility and sex ratio: a pilot study with rats. Journal of abnormal psychology, 82(1), 78.
Martinez F, Kaabi M, Martinez-Pastor F, Alvarez M, Anel E, Boixo JC, Paz P, De Anel L, 2004. Effect of the interval between estrus onset and artificial insemination on sex ratio and fertility in cattle: a field study. Theriogenology, 62(7), 1264-1270.
Moruzzi JF, Wyrobek AJ, Mayall BH, Gledhill BL, 1988. Quantification and classification of human sperm morphology by computer-assisted image analysis. Fertility and sterility, 50(1), 142-152.
Ostrowsji JEB, 1988. Pasture breeding of oestrus-synchronized beef heifers and its apparent effect on sex ratio of offspring. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 95, 365-368.
Peippo J, Vartia K, Kananen-Anttila K, Räty M, Korhonen K, Hurme T, Myllymäki H, Mäki-Tanila A, 2009. Embryo production from superovulated Holstein-Friesian dairy heifers and cows after insemination with frozen-thawed sex-sorted X spermatozoa or unsorted semen. Animal reproduction science, 111(1), 80-92, 262-276.
Pérez-Cerezales S, Ramos-Ibeas P, Acuña OS, Avilés M, Coy P, Rizos D, Gutiérrez-Adán A, 2017. The oviduct: from sperm selection to the epigenetic landscape of the embryo. Biology of reproduction 98 (3), 262-276 .
Pursley JR, Wiltbank MC, Stevenson JS, Ottobre JS, Garverick HA, Anderson LL, 1997. Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus1. Journal of dairy science, 80(2), 295-300.
Pursley JR, Silcox RW, Wiltbank MC 1998. Effect of time of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, pregnancy loss, and gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 81(8), 2139-2144.
Reubinoff B, Schenker J, 1996. New advances in sex preselection. Fertil Steril; 66:343–350.
Rivera, H, Lopez H, Fricke PM, 2005. Use of intravaginal progesterone-releasing inserts in a synchronization protocol before timed AI and for synchronizing return to estrus in Holstein heifers. Journal of dairy science, 88(3), 957-968.
Roelofs JB, Bouwman EB, Pedersen HG, Rasmussen ZR, Soede NM, Thomsen PD, Kemp B, 2006. Effect of time of artificial insemination on embryo sex ratio in dairy cattle. Animal reproduction science, 93(3), 366-371.
Rorie RW, 1999. Effect of timing of artificial insemination on sex ratio. Theriogenology, 52:1273–80.
Rorie RW, Lester TD, Lindsey BR, Mc New RW, 1999. Effect of timing of artificial insemination on gender ratio in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 52, 1035-1041.
Rosenfeld CS, Roberts RM 2004. Maternal diet and other factors affecting offspring sex ratio: a review. Biology of reproduction, 71(4), 1063-1070.
Ruan YC, Zhou W, Chan HC, 2011. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction by the epithelium: role of prostaglandins. Physiology, 26(3), 156-170.
Shea BF, 1999. Determining the sex of bovine embryos using polymerase chain reaction results: a six-year retrospective study. Theriogenology, 51(4), 841-854.
Trivers RL, Willard DE, 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179(4068), 90-92.
Von Engelhardt N, Dijkstra C, Daan S, Groothuis TG, 2004. Effects of 17-β-estradiol treatment of female zebra finches on offspring sex ratio and survival. Hormones and Behavior, 45(5), 306-313.
Walsh SW, Williams EJ, Evans ACO, 2011. A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Animal reproduction science, 123(3), 127-138.
Wehner GR, Wood C, Tague A, Barker D, Hubert H, 1997. Efficiency of the OVATEC unit for estrus detection and calf sex control in beef cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 46, 27–34.
Whittaker PR, Colazo MG, Martínez MF, Kastelic JP, Mapletoft RJ, 2002. New or used CIDR-B devices and estradiol benzoate, with or without progesterone, for fixedtime AI in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 57, 391.
Wolfenson D, Inbar G, Roth Z, Kaim M, Bloch A, Braw-Tal R, 2004. Follicular dynamics and concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins in lactating cows and nulliparous heifers. Theriogenology, 62(6), 1042-1055.
Xu ZZ, Burton LJ, 1999. Reproductive performance of dairy heifers after estrus synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination. Journal of dairy science, 82(5), 910-917.
Youssefi R, Vojgani M, Gharagozlou F, Akbarinejad V, 2013. More male calves born after Presynch-Ovsynch protocol with 24-hour timed AI in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 79(5), 890-894.
Zavaczki Z, Celik-Ozenci C, Ovari L, Jakab A, Sati GL, Ward DC, Huszar G, 2006. Dimensional assessment of X-bearing and Y-bearing haploid and disomic human sperm with the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization and objective morphometry. Fertility and sterility, 85(1), 121-127.