Anita Rani DEY, Md. Tanvick ZAHAN, Md. Shahadat HOSSAİN, Md. SHAHİDUZZAMAN, Mohammad Zahangir ALAM

Bangladeş Mymensingş ve Rangpur ilçelerinin güvercinlerinde hemosporidian parazitlerin prevalansı ve mevsimsel dağılımı

Amaç: Bu araştırma, Bangladeş'in iki bölgesinde (Mymensingh ve Rangpur) güvercinlerde haemosporidiyen parazitlerinin durumunu araştırmak için yapıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Toplamda, Ocak-Kasım 2016 tarihleri arasında 300 güvercinin kan örneği incelendi. Kan örnekleri kanat damarından alındı ve bunlardan ince smearlar hazırlandı. Bütün smearlar Giemsa boyası ile boyandı ve mikroskop altında incelendi. Bulgular: Hemosporidian parazitlerin genel prevalansı, güvercinlerde % 28 (84/300) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bunlardan % 22.3'ü (67/300) Haemoproteus spp.,% 5.7'si (17/300) Plasmodium spp., her iki tür ile enfekte olan ise % 2.7 oranında (8/300) bulunmuştur. Prevalans oranı Mymensingh'de % 34.7, Rangpur'da % 24.2 düzeyinde olup, iki ilçe arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p = 0.050). Erkek güvercinler dişilerden, yetişkinlerin de gençlerden enfeksiyona daha duyarlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yağış mevsiminde, yaz ve kış aylarına göre prevalans anlamlı olarak (p = 0.000) daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Öneri: Bu çalışmayla, Bangladeş'te güvercinlerde sıtmanın yaygın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bundan dolayı, Bangladeş’te güvercinlerde daha geniş bir örneklemle ve kuş sıtma türlerinin moleküler karakterizasyonu kapsayan daha ileri araştırmalar yapılabilir.

Prevalence and seasonal distribution of haemosporidian parasites in pigeons of Mymensingh and Rangpur districts, Bangladesh

Aim: The present epidemiological investigation was carried outto investigate the status of pigeon haemosporidian parasites intwo districts (Mymensingh and Rangpur), Bangladesh.Materials and Methods: In total, 300 blood samples of pigeonswere examined from January to November, 2016. Blood sampleswere collected from wing vein and thin smears were preparedfrom them. All smears were stained with Giemsa stain and examinedunder microscope.Results: The overall prevalence of haemosporidian parasiteswas 28% (84 /300) in pigeons. Of those, 22.3% (67/300) ofbirds were infected with Haemoproteus spp., 5.7% with Plasmodiumspp. (17/300) and 2.7% with both genera (8/300).The prevalence rate was insignificantly (p = 0.050) higher inMymensingh (34.7%) than in Rangpur (24.2%). Male weremore susceptible (30.8%) than female (25.3%). Adults (29.5%)were more prone to infectione than young (19.6 %). The prevalencewas significantly (p = 0.000) higher in the rainy season(56.1%) followed by summer (33.8%) and winter (10.0%).Conclusion: From this study, it was ascertained that avian malariain pigeons was prevalent in Bangladesh. Therefore, furtherinvestigations with a larger sample size and molecular characterizationof avian malaria species in pigeons of Bangladesh iswarranted.

PDF

___

Zajac AM and Conboy GA, 2012. Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 8th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
Van Oers K, Richardson DS, Saether, SA and Komdeur J, 2010. Reduced blood parasite prevalence with age in the Seychelles Warbler: selective mortality or suppression of infection? J Ornithol, 151, 69-77.
Valkiunas G, 2005. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp; 932.
Thul J and O’Brien T, 1990. Wood duck hematozoan parasites as biological tags: Development of a population assessment model. in Proceedings of the 1988 North American Wood Duck Symposium, LH Fredrickson, CV Burger, SP Havera, DA Craber, RE Kirby, and TS Taylor,(eds.). Gaylord Memorial Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, pp; 323-334.
Stabler RM, Kitzmiller NJ and Braun CE, 1977. Blood parasites from band-tailed pigeons. J Wildl Manag, 41,128-130.
Silva-Iturriza A, Ketmaier V and Tiedemann R, 2012. Prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites and their host fidelity in the central Philippine islands. Parasitol Int, 61, 650-657.
Senlik B, Gulegen E and Akyol V, 2005. Prevalence and intensity of Haemoproteus columbae in domestic pigeons. Indian Vet J, 82, 998-999.
Sehgal RN, Jones HI and Smith TB, 2005. Blood parasites of some Nest African rainforest birds. J Vet Med Sci, 67, 295- 301.
Raharimanga V, Souls F, Raherilalao MJ, Goodman SM. Sadones H, Tall A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Raharimalala L, Duchemin JB, Ariey F and Robert V, 2002. Hemoparasites in wild birds in Madagascar, Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar, 68, 90-99.
Okanga S, Cumming G S and Hockey PAR, 2013. Avian malaria prevalence and mosquito abundance in the Western Cape, South Africa. Malar J, 12, 370.
O'Dell JP and Robbins LW, 1994. Hematozoa of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) in Missouri. J Wildl Dis, 30, 36-99.
Msoffe PLM, Muhairwa AP, Chiwanga GH and Kassuku AA, 2010. A study of ecto- and endo-parasites of domestic pigeons in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Afr J Agric Res, 52, 64-267.
Morii T, 1992. A review of Leucocytozoon caulleryi infection in chickens. J Protozool Res, 2, 128–133.
Momin MA, Begum N, Dey AR, Paran MS and Alam MZ, 2014. Prevalence of blood protozoa in poultry in Tangail, Bangladesh. IOSR J Agric Vet Sci, 7, 55-60.
Klei, TR and Degiusti DL, 1975. Seasonal occurrence of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse and its vector Pseudolynchia canariensis Bequaert. J Wildl Dis, 11, 130-135.
Karamba KI, Kawo AH, Dabo NT and Mukhtar MD, 2012. A survey of avian malaria parasite in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. Int J Biotechnol Mol Biol Res, 3, 8-14.
Jordan HB, 1943. Blood protozoa of birds trapped at Athens, Georgia. J Parasitol, 29, 260-263.
Jones MP, 2006. Selected infectious diseases of birds of prey. J Exot Pet Med , 15, 5–17.
Islam MA, Anisuzzaman, Rabbi AKMA, Rahman A, Islam MA and Rahman MH, 2013. Haemoproteus spp. infection of domestic poultry of Bangladesh. VetScan, 7, 81-84.
Ishtiaq F, Gering E, Rappole JH, Rahmani AR, Jhala YV, Dove CJ, Milensky C, Olson SL, Peirce MA and Fleischer RC, 2007. Prevalence and diversity of avian hematozoan parasites in Asia: a regional survey. J Wildl Dis, 43, 382-398.
Hudson P and Dobson A, 1997. Host-parasite Processes and Demographic Consequences. In: Clayton DH, Moore J, editors. Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp; 128–154.
Hillgarth N and Wingfield JC, 1997. Testosterone and immunosuppression in vertebrates: implications for parasitemediated sexual selection. In: Beckage N.E. (eds) Parasites and Pathogens. Springer, USA, pp; 143-155.
Hellgren O, Waldenström MJ and Bensch S, 2004. A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J Parasitol, 90, 797-802.
Gupta DK, Jahan N and Gupta N, 2011. Distribution pattern of apicomplexan parasites (Sporozoa: Haemosporida) in Columba livia, Gmelin. J Parasit Dis, 35, 18-22.
Fatihu MY, Ogbogu VC, Njoku CV and Sarror DI, 1991. Comparative studies of gastrointestinal helminth of poultry in Zaria. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 44,175–177.
El-Magd MMA, El BAA and Scum MK, 1988. Observation on pigeon blood parasites at Qena province. Assiut Vet Med J, 20,199-202.
Elahi R, Islam A, Hossain MS, Mohiuddin K, Mikolon A, Paul SK, Hosseini PR, Daszak P and Alam MS, 2014. Prevalence and diversity of avian haematozoan parasites in wetlands of Bangladesh. J Parasitol Res, 2014 , 1-12.
Dranzoa C, Ocaido M and Katete P, 1999. The ecto, gastro-intestinal and haemoparasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda. Avian Pathol, 28, 119-124.
Dorney RS and Todd A, 1960. Spring incidence of ruffed grouse blood parasites. J Parasitol, 46, 687-694.
Dey AR, Begum N, Paul SC, Noor M and Islam KM, 2010. Prevalence and pathology of blood protozoa in pigeons reared at Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Int J Biol Res, 22, 5-29.
Cannell BL, Krasnec KV, Campbell K, Jones HI, Miller RD and Stephens N, 2013. The pathology and pathogenicity of a novel Haemoproteus spp. infection in wild Little Penguins. Vet Parasitol, 197, 74-84.
Calero-Riestra, M and García JT, 2016. Sex-dependent differences in avian malaria prevalence and consequences of infections on nestling growth and adult condition in the Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris. Malar J, 15,178.
Cable RM, 1957. An Illustrated Laboratory Manual of Parasitology, Fourth edition, Burges Publishing Co., Minneapolis 15, Minnesota, USA.
Borji H, Moghaddas E, Razmi GH, Bami HM, Mohri M and Azad M, 2011. Prevalence of pigeon haemosporidians and effect of infection on biochemical factors in Iran. J Parasit Dis, 35, 199-201.
Bennett GF, Aguirre AA, Cook RS, 1991. Blood parasites of some birds from Northeastern Mexico. J Parasitol, 77, 38- 41.
Beadell JS, Covas R, Gebhard C, Ishtiaq F, Melo M and Schmidt BK, 2009. Host associations and evolutionary relationships of avian blood parasites from West Africa. Int J Parasitol, 39, 257–266.
Bashar K and Tuno N, 2014. Seasonal abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes and their association with meteorological factors and malaria incidence in Bangladesh. Parasite Vector, 7, 442.
Bammi Y M 2010.India Bangladesh Relations: The Way Ahead. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India, pp; 3.
Ahmed TU, Rahman GMS, Bashar K, Samsuzzaman M, Samajpati S and Sultana S, 2007. Seasonal prevalence of dengue vector mosquitoes in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Zool,35, 205-212
Ahmed TU, Joshi GP, Ahmed RU, Dewan JU, Begum MN, Akhter S and Khoda ME, 1989. Seasonal density of common mosquitoes in jungle area of Modhupur, Tangail. J Zool, 4, 14
Ahmed FE and Mohammed AHH, 1978. Studies of growth and development of gametocytes in Haemoproteus columbae Kruse. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 25, 174-177.