Avrupada Kırmızı Tilkilerin (Vulpes Vulpes L)Ağız Yoluyla İmmunizasyonu

Attenüe virus aşısı kullanılarak kırmızı tilkilerin kuduza karşı immunize edilebilirliğinin prensiplerini gösteren. birçok deneysel çalışmadan sonra tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu ile ilgili ilk saha çalışması. 1978 yılında İsviçre'de başarıyla yürütülmüştür. Geçmişte yürütülen alışılagelmiş kuduz kontrol yöntemlerinin aksine attenüe aşıların potansiyel kullanımı kuduzun kontrolünde yeni bir perspektif sunar görünmektedir. Bundan sonra tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu modifiye canlı aşıların bait üretim sistemlerinin , aşılama stratejilerinin ve bait dağıtımı geliştirilmesi ile ilgili uluslararası araştırmalardaki yoğun çabalardan dolayı Avrupa'da kuduzun kontrolunde seçilen bir metot olarak gelişmiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve Avrupa Birliği tarafından desteklenen uluslararası bir işbirliğinin sonucu olarak, tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu uygulamasının katılan ülkelerede kuduzun insidansı belirgin şekilde düşmüştür. Vahşi hayvanlardaki hastalık kontrolüne yönelik bu modern yöntem, temel alınarak tilkilerdeki kuduzun yakın bir gelecekte elemine edileceği tahmin edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte son yıllarda muhtelif Avrupa ülkelerinde aşılama stratejilerindeki eksiklik ve maddi imkanlar nedeniyle kuduz insidansında çok az bir artış görülmüştür. Bu deneyimler göstermektedir ki tilkilerin ağız yoluyla immunizasyonu ile kuduzun tamamen eradikasyonu tahmin edilenden daha uzun sürmekte ve daha komplike olmaktadır. Bu sorunların çözülmesinde gelecekte uluslararası işbirliği (kontrol programları ve araştırmaya yönelik) son derece önemli olup, Avrupa'daki vahşi hayvanlardaki kuduzun eradikasyonu için tilkilerin oral yolla immunizasyonu amacına ulaşılması için güçlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Etlik Veterinerlik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Avrupa, Kırmızı Tilki, Ağız Yolu, İmmunizalosyon

Oral immunization of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes L) in Europe - A Review-

Many experimental studies showeel the principle possibility of immunizing red foxes against rabies using attenuated virus vaccines. The first field trial concerning oral immunization of foxes (OIF) against rabies was successfully carried out in Switzerland in 1978. In contrast to conventional rnethods of rabies control conducted in the past. the potential use of a tlenuatecl vaccines appeared to offer a new perspective in rabies control. Since then the OIF has been developed into the method of choice in rabies control in Europe due to intensive efforts in international research con cerning iınprovement and further development of modified live virus vaccines. baiting systems. vaccination strategies. and bait distribution systems. As a result of international cooperation with support of the World Healt Organization and the European Union the rabies ineidence has drastically decreased in OIF -participating countries. It is estimatecl that. with this modern method of disease control in wildlife. rabies in foxes could be eliminateel in the near future . However. in recent years, several set-backs were observed resulting in a slight increase in the rabies incidence of cer1ain European counties. These were mainly due to lack of funding and the appliecl vaccination strategies. These experiences indicate that the complete eradication of rabies virus with OIF is more protracted anel more complicatecl than originally assumed. In order to solve these problems. international cooperation (control programmes and research) is of utmost .importance and needs to be strengthened to reach the aim of OIF. the eraclication of rabies in wildlife in Europe.

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