Doğal ve Plantasyonda Yetişen Kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertner) Odunlarının Yıllık Halka Genişliği ve Lif Boyutlarının Radyal Değişimi

Devam eden orman endüstri gelişiminin, yapısal odunun tüketiminin ve talebin artması nedeni ile hızlı büyüyen ağaçların plantasyonları endüstriyel odun hammaddesinin sürdürülebilirliği için önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, plantasyonda ve doğal yetişen kızılağaçlarda radyal yönde ki yıllık halka genişliği ve lif boyutlarındaki değişimi belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Trabzon’dan Meryemana-Yeniköy bölgesinden üç adet plantasyon ağaçları, Maçka-Yüzüncüyıl bölgesinden üç adet doğal ağaçlar kesilmiştir. Göğüs yüksekliğinden bir adet disk çıkarılarak güney ve kuzey yönleri belirlenmiştir. Lif boyutları için odun blokları radyal yönde üç kısımdan (öze yakın, orta ve kabuğa yakın) alınmıştır. İstatistiksel değerlendirme % 5 güven aralığında ANOVA ile değerlendirilmiştir. Plantasyonda yetişen kızılağaçlarda ortalama yıllık halka genişliği 4.08 mm, doğal yetişenlerde. 1. 86 mm’dir. Plantasyonda ve doğal yetişen kızılağaçların yıllık halka genişlikleri arasında istatistikî olarak anlamlı fark görülmüştür. Lif boyutları açısından iç, orta ve dış kısımlar arasında anlamlı farklılık vardır. Doğal ve plantasyonda yetişen kızılağaç odunu için ortalama lif uzunluğu sırası ile; 1115.1 and 1119.43 µm; lif çapı 27.27 and 26.46 µm; lümen genişliği 18.68 and 17.32 µm ve çift çeper kalınlığı ise 8.59 and 9.14 µm’dir. Lif uzunluğu, lif çapı ve çift çeper kalınlığı doğal ve plantasyonda yetişen kızılağaç odunu için yaş ile birlikte artmış, bununla birlikte doğal yetişen kızılağaçlarda lif lümen çapı yaş ile birlikte düşmüştür. Bu çalışma sonucu plantasyonda ve doğal yetişen kızılağaçların yıllık halka genişlikleri ve lif özellikleri arasındaki farkı anlamayı sağlamış ve diğer odun özelliklerinin belirlenmesi teşvik edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Doğal yetişen kızılağaç, Plantasyonda yetişen kızılağaç, Lif, Radyal değişim

Radial Variation of Annual Ring Width and Fiber Dimensions from Natural and Plantation Trees of Alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertner) Wood

Due to the increasing demand and consumption of structural wood and the continuous development of forest industries, plantations of fast-growing trees became important for sustainability of industrial wood raw material. Black alder tree (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertner) is naturally fast grown tree in North of Turkey. The aim of this research was to determine radial variation of annual ring width and fiber diamensions in planted and natural stands of black alder. The observations were made in young (28 years of age) and in mature trees (38-88 years of age). Three of planted trees were cut from Meryemana-Yeniköy, three of natural alder trees were cut from Maçka-Yüzüncüyıl in Trabzon. From the breast height a disc was taken and determined the South and North side of them. For fiber dimensions wood blocks were taken along the radial direction at three positions (near the pith, middle and periphery). The statistical analyses on the mean differences of the measured variables performed by ANOVA (analysis of variance) at %5 probability. The mean annual ring width was 4.08 mm for planted alder, 1.86 mm for nature alder. There was a significant difference between planted and mature alder wood annual ring width. The mean values of fiber length were 1115.1 and 1119.43 µm; fiber diameter were 27.27 and 26.46 µm; fiber lumen width were 18.68 and 17.32 µm while the mean values for fiber double cell wall thickness were 8.59 and 9.14 µm for natural and planted black alder wood respectively. There was significant difference between section of disc (inner, middle, outer) for fiber dimensions. Fiber length, fiber diameter and double cell wall thickness of fiber increased with age for natural and planted black alder wood; however fiber lumen diameter decreased with age for natural trees.The results of this study provide for understanding the differences between planted and natural tree annual ring and fiber properties and encourage to determine the other wood properties.

Keywords:

Natural grown black alder, Planted black alder wood, Fiber, Radial variation,

PDF

___

Adamopoulos, S., Chavenetidou, M., Passialis, C. and Voulgaridis, E. 2010. Effect of cambium age and ring width on density and fiber length of black locust and chestnut wood. Wood Research, 55(3):25-36.
Akyüz, M. 1998. Wood properties and applications of Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata (C.A. Mey. Yalt)), Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Forestry and General Directorate of Forestry, Symposium on Forest Ownership Issues Proceedings, 467-471.
Anonymous, 2010. Turkey Forest Inventory General Directorate of Forestry (Unpublished].
Anşin, R. and Özkan, Z.C. Spermatophyta, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, No: 167, Trabzon. (in Turkish), 1997.
Ayan, S. and Sıvacıoğlu, A. 2006. Review of the Fast Growing Tree Species in Turkey, Boletin del CIDEU, Vol.2, 57-71, 2006.
Batu, F. and Kapucu F. 1995. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi kızılagac mescerelerinde bonitet endeks ve hasilat tablosunun duzenlenmesi, I. Ulusal Ormancilik Karadeniz Kongresi, s.348-363, Trabzon, Turkey.
Bendtsen, B. A. and Senft, J. 1986. Mechanical and anatomical properties in individual growth rings of plantation-growth eastern cottonwood and loblolly pine, Wood and fiber Science, 18 (1): 23-38.
Bozkurt, Y. and Erdin, N.2011. Ağaç teknolojisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, İ.Ü. Yayın No: 5029, O.F. Yayın No: 445, ISBN 978-975-404-900-8, 2011.
Cardoso, S., Sousa, V. B., Quilho, T. and Pereira, H. 2015. Anatomical Variation of Teakwood from Unmanaged Mature Plantations in East Timor, J Wood Sci., DOI 10.1007/s10086-015-1474-y.
Çiçek, E. and Yılmaz, M. 2002. The importance of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa as a fast growing tree for Turkey, In: Management of fast growing plantations, Proceedings of a meeting of IUFRO, p.192-202.
Desch, H. E. and Dinwoodie, J. M.,Timber, Its structure, Properties and Utilization,410,Macmillan Education Limited
Dinwoodie, J. M.,Tracheid and fiber-length in timber- a reviw of literatüre, forestry,34:15 - 144,1961
Dutilleul, P., Herman, M. and Avella-Shaw, T.,Growth rate effects on correlations among ring width, wood density, and mean tracheid length in Norway spruce,28:56-68,1998
Erdin, N. and Bozkurt, Y.,Odun anatomisi,İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi,2013
Fujiwara, S. and Yang, K.C.,The relationship between cell length and ring width and circumferential growth rate in five Canadian species,IAWA J.,,2000
Funk, D. T.,Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European Alder, Agriculture Handbook,239-256,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.,,1990
Gartner B.L.,Patterns of xylem variation within a tree and their hydraulic and mechanical consequences. In: Gartner B.L. (Ed.), Plant stems: physiology and functional morphology,Academic Press,1995
Güller, B. ve Ay, N.,Artvin yöresi sakallı kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Yalt.) odununun bazı mekanik özellikleri,129-138,Turk. J. Agric. Forestry,2001
Housley, R. A., Ammerman, A. J. and McClennen C. E.,That Sinking Feeling Wetland Investigations of the Origins of Venice,139-153,Journal of Wetland Archaeology,2004
Houston Durrant, T., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G.,Alnus glutinosa in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats, European Atlas of Forest Tree Species,64-65,Publication Office of the European Union,2016
Hudson,I., Wilson, L; Sandercock, C. and Sands, R.,Within ring variability of Wood microstructure in Eucalyptus nitens. In: B.M. Potts, N.M.G. Borralho, J.B. Reid, R.N. Cromer, W.N. Tibbits and C.A. Raymond (eds), Eucalyptus plantation: Improving fibre yield and quality: CRC for temperate Hardwood Forestry,110-115,1995
IAWA Committee,IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification, IAWA Bull.,219-332,1989
Ishiguri. F., Hiraiwa, T., Iizuka, K., Yokota, S., Priadi, D., Sumiasri N. and Yoshizawa N.,Radial variation of anatomical characteristics in Paraserianthesis falcataria in Indonesia,343-352
Ishiguri, F., Eizawa, J., Saito, Y., Iizuka, K., Yokota, S., Priadi, D., Sumiasri, N. and Yoshizawa, N.,Variation in the wood properties of Paraserianthes falcataria planted in Indonesia,339-348
Izekor , D. N. and Fuwape, J. A.,Variations in the Anatomical characteristics of plantation grown Tectona grandis Wood in Edo State, Nigeria,83-90
Jiang, X. M., Yin, Y. F. and Urakami, H.,Variation within tree of wood anatomical properties and basic density of I-214 Poplar in Beijing area and their relationship modelling equations,115-121,Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2003
Jorge, F; Quilho,T. and Pereira, H.,Variability Of Fibre Length in Wood And Bark in Eucalyptus globulus,41-48,2000
Kiaei, M., Naji, H.R., Abdul-Hamid, H. and Farsi, M.,Radial variation of fiber dimensions, annual ring width, and wood density from natural and plantation trees of alder (Alnus glutinosa) wood,55-64,Wood Research,2016
Klaassen R. K. W. M. and Creemers, J. G. M.,Wooden foundation piles and its underestimated relevance for cultural heritage,123-128,2012
Lei, H., Milota, M. R., and Gartner, B. L.,Between and within-tree variation in the anatomy and specific gravity of wood in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.),445-461,1996
Lima, I.L, Garcia R, Longui, E.L. and Florsheim, S.M.B.,Anatomical dimensions of the wood of Tectona grandis Linn. in relation to spacing and radial position in the trunk,39:61–68,Sci For.,2011
Malan, F. S. and Gerischer, G. F. R.,Wood properties differences in South African grown Eucalyptus grandis trees of different growth stress intensity,41: 331-335,Holzforschung,1987
Malan, F. S.,Eucalyptus improvement for lumber production, Anais do Seminário Internacional de Utilização da Madeira de Eucalipto para Serraria.,1991
Mc vean, D. E.,Ecology of Alnus glutinosa (L) Gaertn. III. Seedling establishment,44: 195 – 218,Ecology,1956
Moglia, J. G. and Lopez, C. R.,Radial variation trend in the wood of Aspidosperma quebracho blanco, Investigacion Agraria; Sistemasty Recursos Forestales,10 (1): 69- 80,2001
Moya, R. and Tomazello, M. T.,Wood density and fiber dimensions of Gmelina arborea in fast growth trees in Costa Rica: relation to the growth rate,16(3):267-276,Investigaciones Agrarias: Sistema de Recursos Forestales,2007
Ohshima, J., Yokota, S., Yoshizawa, N. and Ona, T.,Within-tree variation of detailed fiber morphology and the position representing the whole-tree value in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. Globules,56: 476-482,2003
Onilude, M.A.,Variation in the relationship of fibre length with age of plantation-grown afara (Terminalia superba Eng. And Diels),17(1) :154-159,2001
Örs, Y. ve Ay, N.,Rize-Çayeli bölgesi kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsps. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Yalt.) odunlarının bazı fiziksel özellikleri,803-808,1999
Panshin, A.J. and de Zeeuw, C.,Text book of Wood Technology, Structure, Identification, Properties and Uses of the commercial wood of the United States and Canada,722,McGraw Hill Book Company,1980
Peszlen, I.,Influence of age on selected anatomical properties of Populus clones,15(3): 311-321,1994
Ridoutt, B.G. and Sands, R.,Within-tree variation in cambial anatomy and xylem cell differentiation in Eucalyptus globulus,8:18–22,Trees,1993
Rupert W., Geoffrey M.D. and Robert E.,High-resolution analysis of radial growth and wood density in Eucalyptus nitens grown under different irrigation regimes,59:519–524,Ann. For. Sci.,2002
Sandercock, C.F; Sands, R;Rideoutt, B.G; Wilson, L.F. and Hudson, I.,Factors Determining wood microstructure in Eucalyptus. In: B.M. Potts, N.M.G. Borralho J.B. Reid, R.N Cromer, W.N. Tibbits and C.A.Raymond (eds), Eucalyptus Plantations: Improving fibre yield and quality: CRC FOR Temperate Hardwood Forestry,5-9,Hobart,1995
Savill, P. S.,The silviculture of trees used in British forestry,CABI,2013
Silva J. R.M., Muniz, G.I., Lima, J.T. and Bonduelle, A.E.,Influencia da morfologia das fibras na usinabilidade da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden,29(3): 479-487,Revista Arvore, Viçosa,2005
Swaminathan, C., Vijendra Rao, R. and Shashikala, S.,Preliminary evaluation of variations in anatomical properties of Melia dubia Cav. Wood, International Research Journal of Biological Sciences,1(4):1-6,2012
Taylor, F. W. and Wooten, T. E.,Wood properties variation of Mississippi Delta hardwoods,5: 2-13,Wood Fiber,1973
Usta, A., Yılmaz, M., Kahveci, E., Yılmaz, S. and Öztürk, H.,Effects of different site conditions on some of the wood properties of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner subsbarbata (C. A. Meyer) Yalt),23(8), 1840-1851,Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2014
Yaman, B.,Wood anatomy of ivy-hosting black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.),41-45,2009,62
Zha, C. S., Fang, Y., Shengquan L. and Wang. B.,Radial variation of fiber morphology of different poplar clones,192-197,2005,32 (2)
Zobel, B. J. and van Buijtenen, J. P.,Wood variation: its causes and control,363,Springer,1989