COVID-19 ve akut böbrek hasarı
COVID 19 başlıca solunum sistemini etkiler ancak virüs hücrelere böbrekte bol miktarda bulunan anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim 2 reseptörü aracılığıyla girdiğinden böbrek SARS CoV 2 enfeksiyonunun hedeflerinden biri olabilir. COVID 19 ve böbrek hakkındaki bilgiler sınırlı olmasına rağmen hızla gelişmektedir. COVID 19 hastalarında akut böbrek hasarının (ABH) patofizyolojisi ve mekanizmaları tam olarak aydınlatılmamış olup; COVID 19 ABHʹnin önlenmesi ve yönetimi hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu derleme, COVID 19ʹda ABH patofizyolosini, klinik özelliklerini ve akut böbrek hastalığının önlenmesi ve yönetimi hakkında detaylı bilgiler sunmaktadır.
COVID-19 AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
COVID 19 mainly affects the respiratory system, but as the virus enters the cells via the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is abundant in the kidney, the kidney may be one of the targets of SARS CoV 2 infection. Information on COVID 19 and the kidney is rapidly evolving, although yet limited. The pathophysiology and mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID 19 patients have not been fully elucidated; little is known about the prevention and management of COVID 19 AKI. This review provides detailed information on the pathophysiology of AKI, clinical features, and prevention and management of acute kidney disease in COVID 19.
___
- 1. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS CoV 2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–81.
- 2. Xia P, Wen Y, Duan Y, Su H, Cao W, Xiao M, et al. Clinicopathological Features and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill COVID 19 with Prolonged Disease Course: A Retrospective Cohort. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2205–21.
- 3. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID 19. Kidney Int. 2020 Jul;98(1):209–18.
- 4. Robbins Juarez SY, Qian L, King KL, Stevens JS, Husain SA, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Outcomes for Patients With COVID 19 and Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Kidney Int Reports. 2020;5(8):1149–60.
- 5. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with inhospital death of patients with COVID 19. Kidney Int. 2020;97: 829–38.
- 6. Neugarten J, Bellin E, Yunes M, Stahl L, Johns TS, Abramowitz MK, et al. AKI in Hospitalized Patients with and without COVID 19: A Comparison Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2145–57.
- 7. Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin– Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid 19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653–9.
- 8. Ye M, Wysocki J, William J, Soler MJ, Cokic I, Batlle D. Glomerular localization and expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin converting enzyme: Implications for albuminuria in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(11):3067–75.
- 9. Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi LX, Tang F, Zhu HY, et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID 19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):219–27.
- 10. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–6.
- 11. Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, et al. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: SARS CoV 2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1456–74.
- 12. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID 19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e21.
- 13. COVID 19 and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers. Scientific brief. (2020). Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna, 16(1), 120–121. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2020.0023.
- 14. Santoriello D, Khairallah P, Bomback AS, Xu K, Kudose S, Batal I, et al. Postmortem Kidney Pathology Findings in Patients with COVID 19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):2158–67.
- 15. Werion A, Belkhir L, Perrot M, Schmit G, Aydin S, Chen Z, et al. SARS CoV 2 causes a specific dysfunction of the kidney proximal tubule. Kidney Int. 2020;98(5):1296–307.
- 16. Farkash EA, Wilson AM, Jentzen JM. Ultrastructural evidence for direct renal infection with sars cov 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1683–7.
- 17. Miller SE, Brealey JK. Visualization of putative coronavirus in kidney. Kidney Int. 2020;98:231–2.
- 18. Gabrielli L, Bonasoni MP, Lazzarotto T, Lega S, Santini D, Foschini MP, et al. Histological findings in foetuses congenitally infected by cytomegalovirus. J Clin Virol. 2009;46 (Suppl. 4):S16 21.
- 19. Zarbock A, Gomez H, Kellum JA. Sepsis induced acute kidney injury revisited: Pathophysiology, prevention and future therapies. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014;20:588–95.
- 20. Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Should COVID 19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? the Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade. Nephron.2020;144(5):213–21.
- 21. Pei G, Zhang Z, Peng J, Liu L, Zhang C, Yu C, et al. Renal involvement and early prognosis in patients with COVID 19 pneumonia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1157–65.
- 22. Mohamed MMB, Lukitsch I, Torres Ortiz AE, Walker JB, Varghese V, Hernandez Arroyo CF, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans. Kidney360. 2020;1(7):614–22.
- 23. Chan KH, Slim J. Rhabdomyolysis as potential late complication associated with COVID 19. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(10):2535.
- 24. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844–7.
- 25. Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, Monsallier JM, Ramakers M, Auvray M, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID 19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1743–6.
- 26. Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz J V., Slutsky AS, Villar J, Angus DC, et al. Association between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality among Critically Ill Patients with COVID 19: A Meta analysis. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(13):1330–41.
- 27. Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, Connor MJ, Liu KD, Ostermann M, et al. COVID 19 associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nature Rev Nephrol. 2020;16: 747–64.