COVID-19 mikrobiyolojik tanı testleri

COVID 19 tanısının zamanında ve doğru yapılması, yeni olguları saptamak ve pandeminin dinamiklerini izlemek için gereklidir. COVID 19 tanısında kullanılan yöntemler, nükleik asid saptama testleri ve antijen veya antikor saptamaya yönelik immun testler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılabilir. Virus RNA’sının gerçek zamanlı ters transkriptaz polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RTPCR) ile saptanması, sağladığı yüksek doğruluk nedeniyle tanıda altın standard olarak kabul edilmektedir. Antijen saptama testleri, üst solunum yollarında replike olan virusa ait proteinleri saptamak için geliştirilmiştir. Daha hızlı ve bulaştırıcılık riski ile ilişkilidirler ancak nükleik asid testlerine göre duyarlılıkları daha düşüktür. Antikor saptama testleri COVID 19 hastalarında veya aşı olanlarda virusa spesifik antikor yanıtının belirlenmesini sağlar ve antijen ile temastan sonra belli bir süre geçmesini gerektirir. Bu derlemede, COVID 19 tanı yöntemleri hakkında güncel bilgi verilmesi ve bu testlerin güçlü yönleri ile sınırlılıklarının tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

COVID-19 MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

The knowledge of laboratory methods is essential for timely and accurate diagnosis of COVID 19 in order to identify new cases and monitor dynamics of the pandemic. Diagnostic methods of COVID 19 can be categorized into nucleic acid detection and immunoassays for antigen or antibody detection. Detection of viral RNA with real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) is the gold standard method due to its high accuracy. Antigen detection tests are designed to detect viral proteins produced by replicating virus in the upper respiratory system. They are faster, associated with viral transmission risk with but less sensitive than nucleic acid assays. Antibody detection assays allow the detection of virus specific antibody responses in COVID 19 patients or vaccinated individuals and require a certain time period after exposure to the antigen. In this review we aim to provide the updated information about diagnostic methods of COVID 19 and discuss the strengths and limitations of these assays.

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