GULF REGION AND WESTERN BALKANS: A CURRENT HISTORY OF INTERREGIONAL RELATIONS

Körfez ülkeleri açısından Batı Balkanlar ekonomik ihtiyaçları ve sunmuş olduğu yatırım olanaklar düşünüldüğünde çok karlı bir hedeftir. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde iki bölge arasındaki ilişkilerde patlama her iki tarafın kar güdüsüyle açıklanamaz. Özellikle Körfez ülkeleri açısından bölge uluslararası ekonomik ve de siyasal profillerini muhafaza etmek hatta daha yükseltmek açısından diğer bazı olanaklar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Körfez ülkeleri ile Batı Balkanlar arasında 2000'lerin başından itibaren başlayan ilişkilerinin yanısıra tarafların birbirlerine olan ilgilerinin ardındaki temel saikleri gün ışığına çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır

KÖRFEZ BÖLGESİ VE BATI BALKANLAR: BÖLGELER ARASI İLİŞKİLERİN YAKIN TARİHİ

From the Gulf’s point of view, the Western Balkans is a lucrative destination: in desperate economical need and offering a very suitable environment for investment. However, the recent boom in the interregional relations cannot be explained only by looking at both sides’ appetite for mutual commercial gain. Particularly, for the rich Gulf countries the region offers some other opportunities to sustain and reinforce further their international economic and political profile as well. The study aims at unfolding the basic leitmotivs behind the growing interest of the Gulf countries to the Western Balkans as well as the course of interregional relations since the beginning of the 2000s

PDF

___

Al Meezan. (2011). Agreement on cultural cooperation between the government of the State of Qatar and the government of Albania. http://www.almeezan.qa/AgreementsAttachments.aspx?id=1715&language=en. (15 March 2016).
Al Meezan. (2012). Agreement regarding air services between the State of Qatar and the Republic of Macedonia. http://www.almeezan.qa/AgreementsPage.aspx?id=1705&language=en. (15 March 2016).
Al Shibeeb, D.. (2010). UAE take rapid steps towards food security. Farmlandgrab, http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/13239-uae-takes-rapidstepstowards-food-security. (15 March 2016).
Anna Lindh Foundation. (2015). UfM: Gulf countries are Euro-Med's natural partners. https://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/nations/albania/2013/02/26/UfM-Gulfcountries-Euro-Med-natural-partners_8316399.html. (15 March 2016).
Armstrong, K. (2014). The deep roots of Islamic state: Wahhabism and how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism. New Statesman, (November): 21-27.
Arnold, J. R. and Wiener, R. (2012). Cold War: The essential reference guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Associated Press (AP). (2011). Macedonia, Qatar sign deals on investment, tourism. http://news.yahoo.com/macedonia-qatar-sign-deals-investment-tourism180345134.html. (15 March 2016).
Avancena, J. (2009). Saudis told to invest in food production ventures abroad. The Saudi Gazetta, reissued in Farmlandgrab, http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/6672. (15 March 2016).
Balkan News. (2013). UAE’s Al Dahra agriculture to invest in river transportation in Serbia. http://www.balkans.com/opennews.php?uniquenumber=173206. (15 March 2016).
Balkan News. (2014). Serbia and UAE plan to establish agricultural joint venture. http://www.balkans.com/open-news.php?uniquenumber=195092. (15 March 2016).
Bardos, G. N. (2014). Jihad in the Balkans: The next generation. World Affairs, 177(3): 73–79.
Benson, L. (2001). Yugoslavia: A concise history. London & New York: Palgrave.
Bethlehem, D. L. and Weller, M. (1997). The Yugoslav Crisis in international law: General issues, Part 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Boduszyński, M. P. (2015). The Gulf and the Balkans: Islam, investment and influence. Gulf State Analysis, Monthly Monitor Report, https://gallery.mailchimp.com/02451f1ec2ddbb874bf5daee0/files/Gulf_State_Anal ytics_Monthly_Monitor_January_2015_01.pdf . (15 March 2016).
Bogdani, M. and Loughlin, J. (2007). Albania and the European Union. London: I.B. Tauris.
BqDoha. (2014). Qatar and Albania hold trade talks. http://www.bqdoha.com/2014/04/qatar-albania-hold-trade-talks. (15 March 2016).
Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than oil: America’s uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cabric, N. (2013). Emirates pledge major investments in Serbia. Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/arab-companies-to-investhundreds-of-millions-in-serbia. (15 March 2016).
Cigar, N. and Clawson, P. (1999). The Arab world, Iran and Kosovo crisis. The Washington Institute, Policy Watch, No.391. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-arab-world-iran-andthe-kosovo-crisis. (15 March 2016).
Commins, D. (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris.
Crooke, A. (2015). You can’t understand ISIS if you don’t know the history of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia. New Perspectives Quarterly, 32(1): 56–70.
Curtiss, R. H. (1999). Five lessons: Fallout from ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and six weeks of NATO bombing of Serbia. Washington Report on Middle East Affair. http://www.wrmea.org/1999-june/fallout-from-ethnic-cleansing-in-kosovoand-six-weeks-of-nato-bombing-of-serbia.html. (15 March 2016).
De Waal, C. (2007). Albania Today: A Portrait of post-communist turbulence. London: I.B. Taurus.
Deen, T. (1999). UN stalemate over Yugoslavia, but Islamic nations back NATO. Albion Monitor. http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9904a/copyright/yugoun.html. (accesed 21 April 2015).
Deliso, C. (2007). The coming Balkan caliphate: The threat of radical Islam to Europe and the West. Westport and London: Praeger Security International.
Donaghy, R. (2014). The UAE’s shadowy dealings in Serbia. Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uaes-shadowy-dealings-serbia-44700108. (15 March 2016).
Drake, J. (1997). Missionary Muslims find Albania to be fertile ground. The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0626/062697.intl.intl.4.html. (21 April 2015).
Dudley, D. (2013). GCC countries are starting to explore opportunities in Europe’s southern extremities. The Gulf Business News and Analysis. http://www.thegulfonline.com/Articles.aspx?ArtID=5801. (15 March 2016).
Ehteshami, A. (2013). Dynamics of change in the Persian Gulf: Political economy, war and revolution. New York: Routledge.
El Dahan, M. (2013). Gulf states seek food security in Europe, U.S. after African problems. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/gulf-foodinvestment-idUSL5N0JI0WV20131230. (15 March 2016).
Esposito, J. L. (2004). The Islamic world: Past and present. Oxford and New York: Oxford Press.
Estrin, S. and Uvalic, M. (2013). Foreign direct investment into transition economies: Are the Balkans different? London: LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series, No. 64.
Farmlandgrab. (2009). Ministry of Agriculture gives state land under lease agreement. Editorial. http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/7154. (15 March 2016).
Farmlandgrab. (2014). Farmer protests in Serbia: Most fertile land is given to Arabs. http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/23773-farmers-protest-in-serbia-mostfertile-land-is-given-to-arabs. (15 March 2016).
Fisk, R. (1992). Arab passions fired by Bosnia. Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/arab-passions-fired-by-bosnia-robert-fiskreports-on-growing-islamic-support-for-muslim-victims-in-1580492.html. (15 March 2016).
Gallarotti G. and Al-Filali, I. Y. (2012). Saudi Arabia’s soft power. International Studies, 49(3/4): 233–261.
Gardner, F. (1999). Middle East Gulf Arabs aid refugees. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/327453.stm. (15 March 2016).
Gazeta Express. (2014). Ballkani me pak atraktiv per investimet e huaja. http://express.mk/2013/06/ballkani-me-pak-atraktiv-per-investimet-e-huaja/. (15 March 2016).
Gazeta Express. (2014). Jahjaga : Kosova dhe Emiratet e Bashkuara ta adresojnë ekstremizmin. http://www.gazetaexpress.com/lajme/jahjagakosova-dheemiratet-e-bashkuara-ta-adresojne-ekstremizmin-2881/. (15 March 2016).
Government of Montenegro. (2013). Montenegro attractive for investments, Director General of Abu Dhabi Development Fund says. http://www.gov.me/en/news/119421/Montenegro-attractive-investment-countryDirector-General-of-Abu-Dhabi-Development-Fund-says.html. (15 March 2016).
Gulf News. (2010). UAE strengthens ties with Albania. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/uae-strengthens-ties-with-albania1.646578. (15 March 2016).
Hairong Y. and Sautman, B. (2010). Chinese farms in Zambia: From socialist to agro-imperialist engagement? African and Asian Studies, 9(3): 307–333.
Hammond, A. (2014). Qatar’s leadership transition: Like father, like son. European Council on Foreign Relations Policy Brief. http://www.ecfr.eu/page/- /ECFR95_QATAR_BRIEF_AW.pdf. (15 March 2016).
Hardy, R. and Muir, J. (1999). Kosovo divides Muslim world. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/303920.stm. (15 March 2016).
Hegghammer, T. (2008). Islamist violence and regime stability in Saudi Arabia. International Affairs, 84(4): 701–715.
Hudson, K. (2003). Breaking the South Slav dream: The rise and fall of Yugoslavia. London: Pluto Press.
Hunya, G. (2002). FDI in South-Eastern Europe in the early 2000s. Vienna: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (WIIW).
IFAD. (2012). IFAD, the Saudi Fund for Development and the Arab Bank for Economic Development of Africa commit to increased investments in agriculture and rural development. http://www.ifad.org/media/press/2012/20.htm. (15 March 2016).
In Serbia. (2013). Serbia will export meat and milk products to Bahrain. http://inserbia.info/today/2013/04/serbia-will-export-meat-and-milk-products-tobahrain/#. (15 March 2016).
Independent Balkan News Agency. (2014). Albania seeks investments in Qatar. http://www.balkaneu.com/albania-seeks-investments-qatar/. (15 March 2016).
Irwin, Z. T. (1998). The fate of Islam in the Balkans: A comparison of four states. Pedro Ramet (ed.), Religion and Nationalism in the Soviet and East European Politics: in 378-409. Durham: Duke University Press.
Jelavich, B. (1999). History of the Balkans:Twentieth century, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kamrawa, M. (2013). Qatar: Small state, big politics. New York: Cornell University Press.
Karasik, T. (2013). Gate to the Balkans: UAE and Serbia strengthen ties. Al Arabiya News. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/world/2013/12/18/Gateto-the-Balkans-the-growing-relationship-between-the-UAE-and-Serbia.html. (15 March 2016).
Kaser, K. (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a shared history. Berlin and Wien: Lit Verlag.
Khan, G. Ali. (2012). Albania waives visa for Saudis. Arab News. http://www.arabnews.com/albania-waives-visa-saudis. (15 March 2016).
Kohlman, E. (2004). Al-Qaida’s jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian network. Oxford and New York: Berg.
Kosovo Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2014). Hoxhaj: Thellimi shkëmbimeve ekonomike me Emiratet e Bashkuara Arabe. http://www.mfaks.net/?page=1,4,2272. (15 March 2016).
Kosovo Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2015). Bulletin. http://www.mfaks.net/?page=2,33. (15 March 2016).
Krasniqi, G. (2010). The “forbidden fruit”: Islam and politics of identity in Kosovo and Macedonia. Conference Paper ‘After the Wahabi Mirage: Islam, politics and international networks in the Balkans’ in the European Studies Centre, University of Oxford.
Kuwait Times. (2014). Kuwait activists call for solution to food security. http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwaits-activists-call-solution-food-security/. (15 March 2016).
Lacroix, S. (2011). Awakening Islam: The Politics of religious dissent in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Lippman, T. W. (2010). Saudi Arabia’s quest for food security., Middle East Policy, 17(1): 90–98.
Lowe, A. (2012). Ensuring food security for the UAE. Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/features/ensuring-food-security-of-the-uae1.982693. (15 March 2016).
Lynch, L. (2013). Opportunity or modern-day slavery? Qatar seeks Balkan housemaids. Balkanist. http://balkanist.net/qatar-seeks-balkan-housemaids/. (15 March 2016).
Malek, C. (2014a). Diversification key to UAE food security. The National (UAE). http://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/diversification-key-to-uaefood-security. (15 March 2016).
Malek, C. (2014b). UAE, Kuwait have highest food security level in the region. The National (UAE). http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-kuwait-havehighest-food-security-levels-in-region. (15 March 2016).
Marusic, S. J. (2011). Emir of Qatar arrives in Macedonia. Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia-welcomes-the-emir-of-qatar. (15 March 2016).
Morrison, K. (2008). Wahhabism in the Balkans. London: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Advanced Research and Assessment Group.
Nye, Jr; J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, (80): 153-171.
Nye, Jr; J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Poggioli, S. (2010). Radical Islam uses Balkan poor to wield influence. NPR, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130801242. (15 March 2016).
QNA. (2014). Qatar Macedonia exchange ratification instruments. http://www.breitbart.com/system/wire/upi20140210-164007-5466. (15 March 2016).
Rakic, M. and Jurisic, D. (2012). Wahhabism as a militant form of Islam on Europe’s doorstep. Studies on Conflict and Terrorism, 35(9): 650–663.
Ramet, S. P. (1992). Nationalism and federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962-1991. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Ramet, Sa. (2002). Balkan Babel: The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic. Boulder: West View Press.
Reinl, J. (2009). Gulf investment offers hope for Africa. The National (UAE), reissued in Farmlandgrab, http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/3209. (15 March 2016).
Sallaku, F. and Tarelli, I. (2013). The leasing of agricultural land in Albania. FAO Documents, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Europe/documents/Events_2013/TAIEX /3.2_Albania_en.pdf . (15 March 2016).
Saudi Arabia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). The foreign policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/KingdomForeignPolicy/Pages/KingdomPolic y34645.aspx. (15 March 2016).
Siegel, R. (2013). In gas rich and fast growing Qatar: A focus on food security. NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/12/26/257394246/in-gas-rich-and-fastgrowing-qatar-a-focus-on-food-security. (15 March 2016).
Sloan, A. (2014). UAE investment in Serbia promise much, But can they deliver? Middle East Monitor, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/europe/9914-uae-investments-inserbia-promise-much-but-can-they-deliver. (15 March 2016).
Sommerville, M; Essex, J. and Billon, P. L. (2014). The global food crisis and geopolitics of food security. Geopolitics, 19(2): 239-265.
Special Report. (2008). Taking the long view: Restrictions on leisure pursuits mean Kuwait’s travel and tourism operators are looking beyond the country’s borders for investment opportunities. The Gulf Online, http://www.thegulfonline.com/Articles.aspx?ArtID=1096&searchflag=1. (15 March 2016).
Swain, G. (2011). Tito: A biography. London: I.B. Tauris.
Tanner, A. (2010). Investors eyeing Balkans as long-term play. Farmlandgrab, http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/16871. (15 March 2016).
The Economist. (2014). GCC Trade and Investment Flows: A Report by the Intelligence Unit. http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/GCC%20Trade%20and%20in vestment%20flows.pdf. (15 March 2016).
Turbedar, E. (2011). Balkanlarda terorizm tehdidi: Gerçek mi hayal mi? Uluslararası Suclar Tarihi. 11(12): 141–160.
Tziampiris, A. (2009). Assessing Islamic terrorism in the Western Balkans: The state of the debate. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 11(2): 209– 219.
UNCTAD. (2013). Global value chains: Investment and trade for development. World Investment Report. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2013_en.pdf. (15 March 2016).
Vasovic, A. (2013). EU hopeful Serbia builds unexpected alliance with Emirates. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/31/us-serbia-emiratesidUSBRE99U07I20131031. (15 March 2016).
WAM (Emirates New Agency). (2014). Kuwait urges coordinated international response to food security.. http://www.wam.ae/en/news/international/1395271598215.html. (15 March 2016).
Washington Post. (1996). Saudis reportedly armed Bosnia, with US assent. http://articles.latimes.com/1996-02-02/news/mn-31586_1_saudi-arabia. (15 March 2016).
Webman, E. (2001). Political Islam at the close of the twentieth century, Bruce-Maddy Weitzman (Eds.), Middle East contemporary survey, Volume 23: in 111-140. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
World Bulletin. (2013). Arabian partners to revive Air Serbia. http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/124269/arabian-partners-to-revive-air-serbia. (15 March 2016).
Zawya. (2011). Clarity and UAE investors launch first agricultural project in Macedonia. Reissued in Farmlandgrab. http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/18268 (15 March 2016).