Mehmet ERTAŞ, Hülya YEŞİLYURT, Burçin KIRLAR CAN, Ebru GÜNLÜ KÜÇÜKALTAN

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND COMMODIFICATION: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

Bu araştırma, küreselleşme, kültürel homojenleşme ve heterojenleşme kavramlarının altını çizerek, metalaşmanın kültür üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerine odaklanmakta ve turizm ve metalaşma ilişkisine karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, turizm ve metalaşma ilişkisini incelemek ve metalaşmaya neden olan temel öğeleri anlamak için bir model önerisi sunmaktır. Alanyazında konu ile ilgili bir uzlaşı olmaması araştırmayı bu kavramlara açıklık getirmesi bakımından önemli kılmaktadır. Araştırma, hem homojenleşmenin hem de heterojenleşmenin metalaşmaya yol açtığını ve bu döngünün bir yandan kültürlerin canlı kalmasına, çeşitlenmesine, yenilenmesine ve devam etmesine; diğer yandan da otantikliğin kaybolmasına, bozulmasına ya da yok olmasına neden olduğunu ileri sürmektedir

TURİZM VE METALAŞMA İLİŞKİSİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR YAKLAŞIM

By underlining the phenomena of globalization, cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity, this paper focuses on the positive and negative effects of commodification on culture, and tries to bring a comparative perspective on the relationship between tourism and commodification. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between tourism and commodification, and propose a conceptual model to understand the leading patterns that cause commodification. The lack of a clear consensus in the literature makes this study’s attempt for conceptual clarification significant. The research claims that both cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity create commodification, and that this cycle helps cultural values to revive, diversify, renew and remain on the one hand, while causing a loss of authenticity, deterioration or degeneration on the other

PDF

___

Akbulut, D. (2013). İnanç ve Turizm Bağlamında Hacıbektaş Taş İşçiliği [Hacıbektaş Stonework within the Context of Faith and Production]. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, 68, 221-238.
Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjunction and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. Theory, Culture & Society, 7, 295-310.
Argın, Ş. (2003). Nostalji ile Ütopya Arasında [In between Nostalgia and Utopia]. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
Barber, B. (1995). Jihad vs. McWorld. Braving the New World: Readings in Contemporary Politics, 17-27.
Bauer, T.G. and McKercher, B. (2003). Sex and Tourism: Journeys of Romance, Love and Lust. New York: Hawthorn Hospitality Press.
Berger, P.L. (2003). Küreselleşmenin Kültürel Dinamikleri, Bir Küre Bin Bir Küreselleşme: Çağdaş Dünyada Kültürel Çeşitlilik [Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World]. A. Ortaç (Trans.). İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
Boyer, M. (1999). Le Tourisme de L’An 2000. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and Commodification in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 371-386.
Cohen, E. (2012). Globalization, Global Crises and Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 103-111.
Cole, S. (2007). Beyond Authenticity and Commodification. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 943-960.
Çoban, Ö. (2010). Paylaşım Olgusunda Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler ve Günümüz Sosyal ve İş Yaşamina Izdüşümleri [Changes in the Sharing Phenomenon and its Projections to Social and Business Life]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(1), 345-359.
Doğan, H.Z. (2004). Turizmin Sosyo-Kültürel Temelleri [Socio-Cultural Basics of Tourism]. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Erkal, M.E. (2000). Küreselleşme, Değişme ve Dini Hayat [Globalization, Change and Religious Life]. Dini Araştırmalar, 6(17), 59-65.
Erwin, J. and Smith Z.A. (2008). Globalization: A Reference Handbook. California: ABC-CLIO.
Finn, J. (2009). Contesting Culture: A Case Study of Commodification in Cuban Music. GeoJournal, 74, 191-200.
Friedman, J. (1994). Cultural Identity & Global Process. London: Sage Publications.
Ger, G. and Belk, W. (1996). I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumption Spaces of the Less Affluent World. Journal of Consumer Policy, 19(3), 271-304.
Giddens, A. (1998). Modernliğin Sonuçları [The Consequences of Modernity]. E. Kuşdil (Trans.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Giddens, A. (2000). Sosyoloji [Sociology]. H. Özel and C. Güzel (Trans.). Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları.
Gotham, K.F. (2002). Marketing Mardi Gras: Commodification, Spectacle and the Political Economy of Tourism in New Orleans. Urban Studies, 39, 1735–1756.
Goulding, C. (2000). The Commodification of the Past, Postmodern Pastiche, and the Search for Authentic Experiences at Contemporary Heritage Attractions. European Journal of Marketing, 34(7), 835- 853.
Greenwood, D.J. (1978). Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Halewood, C. and Hannam, K. (2001). Viking Heritage Tourism: Authenticity and Commodification. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 565–580.
Hall, S. (1998). Yerel ve Küresel: Küreselleşme ve Etniklik [The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity]. A.D. King (Compiled by), Kültür, Küreselleşme ve Dünya Sistemi [Culture, Globalization and the World System]. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Hay, C. and Marsh, D. (2000). Demystifying Globalisation. London: Macmillan.
Holton, R. (2013). Küreselleşmenin Kültürel Sonuçları [Globalization’s Cultural Consequences]. K. Karaman (Trans.). Sosyoloji Konferansları, No, 47.
Iwabuchi, K. (2002). Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. London: Duke University Press.
Kaplan, C. (1987). Deterritorialization: The Rewriting of Home and Exile in Western Feminist Discourse. Cultural Critique, 6, 187-198.
Kaygalak, S., Usta, Ö. and Günlü, E. (2013). Mardin’de Turizm Gelişimi ile Otantik Olgusu Arasındaki İlişkinin Sosyolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi [The Evaluation of the Relationship between Authenticity Phenomenon and Development of Tourism in Terms of Sociological Aspect in Mardin]. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(2), 237-249.
Keyman, E.F. and Sarıbay, A.Y. (2000). Global Yerel Eksende Türkiye [Turkey in Global-Local Axis]. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
Kırlar, B. and Sünnetçioğlu, S. (2013). Sustainability Praxis on Destinations: Case of "Doomsday" in Şirince Village on 21th of December. Conference of Tourism&Hospitality: The Highway to Sustainable Regional Development. ATAF - Proceedings of the Conference of Tourism & Hospitality (pp. 56-60), 28-30th June 2013; Armenia, Erivan.
King, A. (1995). The Times and Spaces of Modernities. M. Featherstone, S. Lash and R. Robertson (Eds.), Global Modernities. London: Sage.
Kitiarsa, P. (2008). Religious Commodification in Asia Marketing Gods. London: Routledge.
Kneafsey, M. (1998). Tourism and Place Identity: A Case Study in Rural Ireland. Irish Geography, 31(2), 111-123.
Kotler P. and Armstrong G. (1992). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kroshus Medina, L. (2003). Commoditizing Culture: Tourism and Maya Identity. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(2), 353-368.
Kurgun, H. and Yumuk, Y. (2013). Yöresel El Sanatlarının Kültürel Turizmin Gelişimindeki Rolü: Görece (Boncukköy) ve Nazarköy Örnekleri [The Role of Local Handicrafts on the Growth of Cultural Tourism: Görece (Boncukköy) and Nazarköy]. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 27-32.
MacCannell, D. (1992). Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers. London: Routledge.
MacCannell, D. (1999). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Orig. published 1976.).
MacCannell, D. (2001). Remarks on the Commodification of Culture. V.L. Smith and M. Brent (Eds.), Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century (pp. 380-390). New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Macleod, D. (2006). Cultural Commodification and Tourism: A very Special Relationship. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 6(2), 71-84.
Marti, G.M.H. (2006). The Deterritorialization of Cultural Heritage in a Globalized Modernity. Journal of Contemporary Culture, 1, 92-107.
Mazur, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity in Organisational Theory and Practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, 2(2), 5-15.
Mbaiwa, J.E. (2011). Cultural Commodification and Tourism: The Goomoremi Community, Central Botswana. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografic, 102(3), 290-301.
Oduwole, E.O. (2012). Globalisation as Universalization: Rethinking the Philosophy of Globalisation in Africa. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 7(2), 87-95.
Poulin, R. (2003). Globalization and the Sex Trade: Trafficking and the Commodification of Women and Children. Canadian Women Studies, 22(3/4), 38-47.
Ritzer, G. (1998). Toplumun McDonaldlaştırılması [The McDonaldization of Society]. Ş. Süer Kaya (Trans.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Robertson, R. (1994). Globalization or Glocalisation. The Journal of International Communication, 1(1), 33–52.
Robertson, R. (1999). Küreselleşme: Toplum Kuramı ve Küresel Kültür [Globalization Social Theory and Global Culture]. Ü.H. Yolsal (Trans.). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
Said, E. (1995). Oryantalism [Orientalism]. N. Uzel (Trans.). İstanbul: İrfan Yayınları.
Scholte, J.A. (2002). What is Globalization? The Definitional Issue – Again. University of Warwick Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Working Paper, 109(2), 1-34.
Scholte, J.A. (2005). Globalization: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Scholte, J.A. (2007). Defining Globalization. Clm.economía, 10, 15-63.
Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, Culture and Tourism. Tourist Studies, 2(2), 183-201.
Su, X. (2011). Commodification and the Selling of Ethnic Music Tourists. Geoforum, 42, 496-505.
Taylan, A. (2008). Çok Uluslu Fast-Food Restoranlarının "Ramazan Menüleri" Örneğinde Küresel-Yerel Kültür Etkileşimi [Global-Local Culture Interaction: A Case Study of “Ramadan Menus” of Multi National Fast-Food Restaurants]. Kültür ve İletişim, 11(1), 73-109.
Tomlinson, J. (2004). Küreselleşme ve Kültür [Globalization and Culture]. A. Eker (Trans.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Urry, J. (1999). Mekanları Tüketmek [Consuming Places]. R.G. Öğdül (Trans.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Urry, J. (2009). Turist Bakışı [The Tourist Gaze]. E. Tataroğlu and İ. Yıldız (Trans.). Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
Xie, P.F. (2003). The Bamboo-Beating Dance in Hainan, China: Authencity and Commodification. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11, 5-16.
Wallerstein, I. (1998). Ulusal ve Evrensel: Dünya Kültürü Diye Bir Şey Olabilir Mi? [The National and the Universal: Can There Be Such a Thing as World Culture?] A.D. King (Compiled by), Kültür, Küreselleşme ve Dünya Sistemi: Kimlik Temsilinin Çağdaş Koşulları [Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity] (pp. 121-137). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Watson, G.L and Kopachevsky, J.S. (1994). Interpretations of Tourism as Commodity. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 643-660.
Yeates, N. (2001). Globalization & Social policy. London: Sage Publication.