Sigara kullanımının periodantal dokular üzerine olan etkisi
Tütün kullanımının insan sağlığı üzerine birçok olumsuz etkisi bulunmaktadır. Sigaranın solunum ve kalp-damar sistemi ile ilgili olumsuz etkilerinin yanı sıra, ilk olarak temasa geçtiği ağız ortamı ve periodonsiyum üzerine de zararlı etkilerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Son dönemde birçok çalışmada; araştırmacılar periodontal hastalığın hızlandırıcı ve şiddetlendirici lokal veya sistemik sebeplerinden biri olan sigaranın etkilerini incelemişlerdir.
The effect of smoking on the periodontal tissues
There are many negatory effects of using tobacco on human health. Beyond the general effects on respiration and hearth-vessel system; it is known that it has got effects on oral environment and periodontium which are the first contact areas. In many recent studies, researchers have investigated the cigarettes effects which is a local or systemic factor advancing the periodontal diseases.
___
- 1. Genco RJ. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 1996; 67(10 suppl): 1041-1049.
- 2. Carranza FA, Newman MG. The Role of iatrogenic and other local factors. Clin Periodontology, 8th Edition, Philadelphia W.B. Saunders, 1996: 161-173.
- 3. Işımer Y, Özdemir A, Kansu A, Akça E. Sigaranın periodontal dokular üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. A.Ü. DişHek. Fak. Dergisi, 1997; 24: 41-46.
- 4. Grossi SG, Skrepcinski FB, DeCaro T, Zambon JJ, Cummins D, Genco RJ. Response to periodontal therapy in diabetics and smokers. J Periodontol 1996; 67(10 suppl): 1094-1102.
- 5. Kinane DF, Radvar M. The effect of smoking on mechanical and antimicrobial periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1997; 68: 467-472.
- 6. A. Yoshida, M. Kawada, N. Suzuki, et al. TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the correlation of Treponema denticola numbers with the severity of periodontal disease. Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2004;19:196.
- 7. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Gmür R, Baehni PC. Subgingival microflora associated with early onset periodontitis patients. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical, Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 845-872.
- 8. Moss ME, Beck JD, Kaplan BH, et al. Exploratory case-control analysis of physicosocial factors and adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996;67: 1060-1069.
- 9. Zambon JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford R, Genco RJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1996; 67(10 suppl): 1050-1054.
- 10. Demirkaya C, Demirel K, Meriç H: Sigara içme alışkanlığı alveol kemik kaybı görülme sıklığını arttırmaktadır. Radyografik değerlendirme. Türk Periodontoloji Derneği 28. Bilimsel Kongresi Serbest Bildiri Özetleri.Sayfa: 103.
- 11. Bergström J. Dose-Dependent Periodontal Disease response to Tobacco Smoking. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:845-872.
- 12. Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. Odontology.2004;92:1-8.
- 13. Johnson GK, Poore TK, Payne JB, Organ CC. Effect of smokeless tobacco extract on human gingival keratinocyte levels of prostoglandin E2 and interleukin-1. J Periodontol 1996; 67 : 116-124.
- 14. Özbek M, Karabıyıkoğlu T. Sigara ve çaya bağlı, tükürükteki kalsiyum, fosfat konsantrasyonları ile optik dansite ve PH değerleri arasındaki farklılıkların biyokimyasal olarak incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Ü. Diş Hek. Fak. Dergisi, 1996; 6: 18-22.
- 15. Sandallı P. Periodontoloji. Erler Matbaası, İstanbul 1981: 41-64.
- 16. Tangada SD, Califano JV, Nakashima K, et al. The effect of smoking on serum IgG2 reactive with Aa. in early-onset periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1997; 68: 842-850.
- 17. Katsuragi H, Hasegawa A, Saito K. Distribution of metallothionein in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in advanced periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1997;68:1005-1009.
- 18. Öztürk A, Keskin A. Dişhekimliğinde Tıbbi Sorunlar. Özyurt Matbaacılık 3. Baskı, Ankara 1997, Sayfa:212.
- 19. Rosen PC, MaIks MH, Reynolds MA. Influence of smoking on long-term clinical results of intrabony defects treated with regenerative therapy. J Periodontol 1996; 67:1159-1163.
- 20. Bridges RB, Anderson JW, Saxe SR, Gregory K and Bridges SR. Periodontal Status of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Men: Effects and Smoking, Glycemic Control and Socioeconomic Factors. J Periodontol 1996:67: 1185-1192.
- 21. Taylor GW, Burt BA, Becker MP et all. Severe periodontitis and risk for poor glycemic control in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol 1996; 67: 1085-1093.
- 22. Wactowski JW, Grossi SG, Trevisan M, et al. The role of osteopenia in oral bone loss and periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1996; 67(10 suppl): 1076-1084.
- 23. Cortellini P, Paolo G, Prato P, Tonetti MS. Long-Term stability of clinical attachment following guided tissue regeneration and conventional therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23:106-111.
- 24. Demirkaya C, Demirel K, Meriç H. Sigara kullanan bireylerin cerrahi olmayan periodontal tedaviye verdikleri yanıtın klinik değerlendirmesi. Türk Periodontoloji Derneği 28. Bilimsel Kongresi Serbest Bildiri Özetleri.Sayfa: 102.
- 25. Giannopoulou C, Geinoz A, Cimasoni G. Nicotine effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts invitro. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical, Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24: 845-872.
- 26. KaIdahI WB, Johnson GK, Patil KD, Kalkwarf KL. Levels of cigarette consumption and response to periodantal therapy. J Periodontol 1996; 67: 675-681.
- 27. Kocher TH, Konig J, Langenfeld N, Plagmann H-CHR. A retrospective analysis of tooth survival after periodontal treatment. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical, Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 845-872.
- 28. Preber H, Bergström J. The effect of non-surgical treatment on periodontal pockets in smokers and non- smokers. J Clin Periodontol 1986; 13: 319-323.
- 29. Pucher JJ, Shibley O, Dentino AR, Ciancio SG. Results of limited initial periodontal therapy in smokers and nonsmokers. J Periodontol 1997; 68: 851-856.