Eski Çağlarda Çukurova'nın Tarihi Coğrafyası ve Kizzuwatna (Adana)Krallığı'nın Siyasi Tarihi

Anadolu insanoğlu tarihinin tüm safhalarını yaşamıştır. Araştırma eksikliğinden kaynaklanan bazı boşluklar olmakla birlikte, Çukurova’nın da bu tarihi olguya katıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Antakya civarındaki Musadağ ve bugün maalesef içi doldurulup fosseptik çukuru olarak kullanılan Taşucu’undaki Sırtlanini Mağarası’nın açık seçik gösterdiği gibi, insanlar bu bölgede daha Paleolitik Çağlarda yaşıyorlardı. Bölgede ileride yapılacak daha titiz araştırmalar, bu tür taş devri sığınak ve barınaklarının sayısının kesinlikle artıracaktır. Adana ve çevresi M.Ö.II. Binyıldan günümüze dek çeşitli isimlerle anılagelmiştir. Şimdiye dek belirlenebilen en eski isim Kizzuwatna’dır. Kizzuwatna tarihi şuradan buradan elde edilen darmadağın bilgilerle, alelacele yamanmış bir bohçaya benzer. Bu bilgiler de, komşu ve çağdaş devlet veya kültür merkezlerinin yazılı kaynaklarından, yani Kültepe’de ele geçen (Kayseri) Eski Asurca belgeler, Hititler’in başkenti Boğazköy – Hattuşa’daki Hititçe, Hurrice ve Luvice belgelerden, Asur, Babil, Ugarit ve Mısır menşeli kaynaklardan, arkeolojik buluntular ve nihayet tarihi coğrafya açısından coğrafi ve jeolojik gözlemlerden elde edilmiştir.

Historical Geography of Cilici-Çukurova and Political History of the Kongdom of Kizzuwatna at Adana

The following two studies on the historical geography and history of Kizzuwatna, classical Cilicia, are to be considered as preliminary results of a larger, more comprehensive project that will cover the physical and historical geography as well as the regions political history from the Stone Age down to the end of the Byzantine period. The monograph will try to give “flesh and blood” so to speak to a dull history of a buffer zone that lie between the great political powers that occupied the region, namely the Hittites, Mesopotamians states, Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantines, and Turks. Because of the popularity the Hittite Queen Puduhepa and urgent need for an up-to-date account on her biography, am entire appendix will be dedicated to her. Archaeological topics will be dealt with be Dr.K.Serdar Girginer of Çukurova University, Adana. The historical section of the article is based on all the available archaeological and linguistic material from various sources and archives, and begins with an accurate outline of the prehistoric periods of the region. We know that the region was occupied in the stone age. In Sirtlanini, modern Tasucu, a natural cave with stalactites and stalagmites, watercourses, and natural benches, Dr.I.K. Kökten discovered 1957 Palaeolithic implements made of flint. Sadly, the cave has been stripped of its natural beauty and, with the permission of local municipal authorities, serves as a cesspool of apartments. To date, no native archives from Kizzuwatna have been found; therefore, the history of the country in the second millennium B.C.E. can only be reconstructed on the basis of written sources from Hattuša-Boğazköy, the Hittite capital of the time, and other Near Eastern archives. The usage of cuneiform texts in Akkadian, Hurrian, Hittite, and other Hieroglyphic Luwian texts indicates clearly that the Kizzuwatneans were acquainted with these writing systems from at least 2000 B.C.E.

PDF

___

Alkım, U.B.1964: “Archäologische Untersuchungen im Amanusgebiet (1958-1961)”, RAI 11, 33-34.
Alkım, U.B.1965: “The Road from Sam’al to Asitawandawa: Contributions to the Historical Geography of the Amanus Region”, An.Ar. II/1-2, Fs.H.Th.Bossert, 1-45.
Anonim 1982: “Adana”, Yurt Ansiklopesi 1, 8-181.
Anonim 1982: “İçel”, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5, 3616-3764.
Arbeitman, Y.-Rendsburg, G.1980: “Adana Revisited: 30 Years Later”, Ar.Or.XLIX/2, 145-157.
Astour, M.C.1965: Hellenosemitica. An Ethnic and Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece, Leiden.
Beal, R.H.1986: “The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Šunaššura Treaty”, Or 55/4, 424-445.
Beckman, G.1996: Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta.
Bing, J.D.1969: A History of Cilicia During the Assyrian Period, (Ph.D.Indiana University), Indiana.
Bittel, K.1934: Prähistorische Forschung in Kleinasien, Istanbuler Forschungen,Bd.6,İstanbul.
Bittel, K.1940: “Der Depotfund von Soloi-Pompeiopolis”, ZA(NF) 12,183-205.
Bryce, T.1998: The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford.
Calder, W.M.-Bean, G.E.1958: A Classical Map of Asia Minor, Ankara.
Canby, J.V.1965: “Early Bronze ‘Trinket’ Moulds”, Iraq 27, 34-61.
del Monte, G.F.-Tischler, F.1978: Die Orts-und Gewaessernamen der Hethiticshe Texte, RGTC VI, Wiesbaden.
del Monte, G.F.-Tischler, F.1992: Die Orts-und Gewaessernamen der Hethiticshe Texte, RGTC VI, Supplement, Wiesbaden.
Derakshani, J.1999: Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.,Tahran.
Desideri, P.-Jasink, A.M.1990: Cilicia. Dall’ età di Kizzuwatna alla conquista macedone, Torino.
Dewdney, J.C.1971: Turkey. An Introductory Geography, London.
Dörner, F.K.1966: “Kleinasien- Ursprungsland des Eisens? Bericht uber Ausgrabungen Kommagene”, Stahl und Eisen 86, 1-7.
Erzen, A.1940: Kilikien bis zum Ende der Perserherrschaft, Leipzig.
Faucounau, J.2000: “Cilicie et Canaan dans les documents chyprominoens”, The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter,(Ed.J.L. Arbeitman), 61-75.
Forbes, R.J.1950: Metallurgy in Antiquity, Leiden.
Garstang, J.1910: The Land of the Hittites. An Account of Recent Exploration and Discoveries, London.
Garstang, J.-Gurney, O.R.1959: The Geography of the Hittite Empire, London.
Gates, M.H.1999: “ Kinet Höyük in Eastern Cilicia: A Case Study for Acculturation in Ancient Harbours”, OLBA II/II, I.Uluslararası Kilikia Arkeolojisi Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 303-312.
Girginer, K.S.2000: “Tepebağ Höyük (URUAdaniya) Kizzuwatna Ülkesinin Başkenti Miydi?”, Efsaneden Tarihe, Tarihten Bugüne Adana: Köprü Başı, (Eds:S. Koz-E. Artun), İstanbul, 70-85.
Grothe, H.1911: “Zur Topographie und historischen Geographie von Comana Cappadociae, Meine Vorderasien-Expedition 1906 und 1907, Band I, (Ed.H.Grothe), Leipzig, CCXXXIII-CCLIII.
Harper, R.P.1968: “Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae”, AS XVIII, 93-147.
Harper, R.P.1969: “Inscriptiones Comanis Cappadociae in A. D. 1967 Effossae: Titulorum Loci Supplementum”, AS XIX, 27-40.
Harper, R.P.1970: “Podandus and the via Tauri”, AS XX, 149-153.
Harper, R.P.1977: “Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae Iterum Suppleti”, AS XXII, 225- 239.
Harper, R.P.-Bayburtluoğlu, İ.1968: “Preliminary Report on Excavations at Şar, Comana Cappadociae, in 1967”, AS XVIII, 149-158.
Helck, W.1971: Die Beziehungen Ägyptens und Vorderasiens zur Ägäis bis ins 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr.,Darmstadt.
Helck, W.1994: Ägyptisch-hethitische Korrespondenz II, Darmstadt.
Hild, F.-Hellenkemper, H.1990: Kilikien und Isaurien, 2 Cilt, TIB 5= ÖAW,phil.- hist.Kl. Denkschr.215,Wien.
Honigmann, E.1935: Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches von 363 bis 1070 nach griechischen, arabischen, syrischen und armenischen Quellen, Brüksel.
Hopwood, K.R.1991: “The Links Between the Coastal Cities of Western Rough Cilicia and The Interior During the Roman Period”, ANAN I, 305-310.
Hütteroth, W.-D.1982: Türkei. Darmstadt.
İpek, İ.-Tosun, A.K. vd.1999: “Adana Geç Hitit Heykeli Kurtarma Kazısı 1997 Yılı Çalışması Sonuçları”, IX.MKKS, 173-188.
İzbırak, R.1996: Türkiye I, İstanbul.
Kaptan, E.1995: “Tin and Tin Mining in Turkey”, Anatolica 21, 197-203.
Langlois, V.1861: Voyage dans la Cilicie et dans les Montagnes du Taurus, Exécuté pendant les années 1852-1853, Paris.
Laroche, E.1958: “Études sur les hiéroglyphes Hittites”, Syria 35, 263-275.
Lloyd, S.1956: Early Anatolia, Harmondshworth.
Meyer, E.1914: Reich und Kultur der Chethiter,Berlin.
Otten, H.1971: “Das Siegel des hethitische Grosskonigs Tahurwaili”, MDOG 103, 59-66.
Ramsay, W.M.1890: The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London (Türkçesi: Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Çev: M.Pektaş),İstanbul 1961).
Ramsay, W.M.1903: “Cilicia, Tarsus and the Great Taurus Pass”, Geographical Journal 22, 357-413.
Sandars, N.K.1978: Sea Peoples,Warriors of the Ancient Metiterranean, London.
Saraçoğlu, H.1990: Bitki Örtüsü, Akarsular ve Göller, İstanbul.
Schaffer, F.X.1903: Cilicia, Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsband 30, Gotha: Justus Perthes.
Schneider, T.1992: Asiatische Personennamen in ägyptischen Quellen des Neuen Reiches, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 114, Freiburg/Schweiz-Göttingen.
Seton-Williams, M.V.1954: “ Cilician Survey”, AS IV, 121-174.
ten Cate, Ph.H.J.H.1965: The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period, Leiden.
Tischler, J.1987: “Der Ortsname Tarsos und Verwandtes”, KZ 100, 339-350.
Türkiye Maden Envanteri (İllere Göre) 1980: MTA Enstitüsü Yayınları No.179, Ankara.
Ünal, A.1978: Ein Orakeltext über die Intrigen am hethitischen Hof (KUB XXII 70 =Bo 2011), THeth 6, Heidelberg.
Ünal, A.1983: Hitit Sarayındaki Entrikalar Hakkında Bir Fal Metni, Ankara.
Ünal, A.1997: “Zur historischen Geographie von Kizzuwatna und Lage von Sirkelieine Bilanz”, Ist.Mitt. 47, 143-150.
Ünal, A.1998: Hittite and Hurrian Cuneiform Tablets from Ortaköy (Çorum) Central Turkey, With two Excursuses on the “Man of the Storm God” and a full edition of KBo 23.27, İstanbul.
Ünal, A.1999: Etiler-Hititler ve Anadolu Uygarlıkları, İstanbul.
Ünal, A.2000 a: “Adana'da Kizzuwatna Krallığı Taş Devrinden Hitit Devleti'nin Yıkılışına Kadar Adana ve Çukurova Tarihi”, Efsaneden Tarihe, Tarihten Bugüne Adana: Köprü Başı, (Eds:S. Koz-E. Artun), İstanbul, 43-69.
Ünal, A.2000 b: “Çukurova'nın Antik Devirlerde Taşıdığı İsimler ile Fiziki ve Tarihi Coğrafyası”, Efsaneden Tarihe, Tarihten Bugüne Adana: Köprü Başı, (Eds:S. Koz-E.Artun), İstanbul, 18-41.
Ünal, A.2002: Hititler Devrinde Anadolu I, İstanbul.
Ünal, A.-Girginer, K.S.Baskıda: Kilikya-Çukurova, En Eski Çağlardan Osmanlı Dönemi’ne Kadar Çukurova’nın Tarihi, Tarihi-Coğrafyası ve Arkeolojisi, Kraliçe Puduhepa ve Kent Rehberi Ekleriyle Birlikte.
Yener, K.A.-Vandiver, P.B.1993: “Tin Processing at Göltepe, an Early Bronze Age Site in Anatolia”, AJA 97/2, 207-238.
Zgusta, L.1984: Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heildelberg.
Zoroğlu, K.L.1994: “Cilicia Tracheia in the Iron Age: The Khilakku Problem”, The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium, Held at Van, Anatolian Iron Ages 3, (Eds:A.Çilingiroğlu-D.French), 301-309.