ÖZGÜR ÇELİK, AHMET TEKE, H. Başak YILDIRIM

Survey of Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies, PV Module Characteristics, Connection Forms and Standards

Son yıllarda enerjinin etkin kullanımı, nüfus artışı ve sanayileşme ile birlikte hızla artan enerji talebine bağlı olarak çok önemli hale getirmiştir. Enerji kullanımında artan talebe paralel olarak dünya geneli enerji arzı çok büyük baskıya maruz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle enerji verimliliği ve alternatif enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması çok önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Fotovoltaik sistemler (FV) en çok kullanılan alternatif enerji kaynakları arasında gösterilebilir ve bu teknoloji gün geçtikçe dikkat çekici popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Fakat, FV sistemler düşük verimlilik, yüksek kurulum maliyeti ve değişken atmosferik koşullardan negatif olarak etkilenmektedirler. Son zamanlarda çalışmalar kullanılan hammaddeleri modifiye ederek FV panellerin yapısal verimliliğini artırmak ve enerji verimliliği çözümleri sağlamak amacıyla genişletilmiştir. Bu yazıda FV hücre teknolojisi üzerine kullanılanhammadeler baz alınarak verimlilik, fiyat ve teknik özellikler açısından inceleme yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Öte yandan panel karakteristiği çıkarımı ve güç sistemlerinin benzetiminde kullanmak için PSCAD/EMTDC programı kullanılarak FV panel modeli sunulmuştur. Bu panel modeli hem şebeke bağlantılı FV sistemlerin hemde şebekeden bağımsız sistemlerin güç sistem dinamiği ve geçici durum analizi çıkarımı için uygundur. Ayrıca Türkiye için şebekeye bağlantı şartları ve baz alınan şartnamelerin detaylı incelenmesi.

Fotovoltaik (FV) Teknolojileri, FV Modül Karakteristiği, Bağlantı Formları ve Standartların İncelenmesi

The effective utilization of energy has become a major concern in recent years on account of the rapidly increasing demand with population growth and industrialization. In parallel with this growing demand towards energy usage, the world-wide energy supply has been subjected to enormous stress. Therefore, energy efficiency and using alternative energy sources issues have become more crucial. Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be shown among the mostly used alternative energy sources and this technology is gaining remarkable popularity. However, PV systems suffer from low system efficiency, high initial cost and erratic atmospheric conditions. Presently, the studies are extended in order to improve the structural efficiency of the PV panels and provide energy efficiency solutions by qualifying the raw material. In this paper, it is aimed to make an investigation on the PV cells technology in terms of efficiency, cost and technical properties based on employed raw materials. On the other hand, a PV panel model is presented to achieve extraction of panel characteristic and for usage in power systems simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC program. This panel model is suitable for the purpose of realizing power system dynamic and transient analysis of both stand-alone and grid connected PV systems. Also an evaluation of grid connection standards and codes for Turkey is presented in detail.

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